A changing climate is altering ecosystem carbon dynamics with consequences for natural systems and human economies, but there are few tools available for land managers to meaningfully incorporate carbon trajectories into planning efforts. To address uncertainties wrought by rapidly changing conditions, many practitioners adopt resistance and resilience as ecosystem management goals, but these concepts have proven difficult to monitor across landscapes. Here, we address the growing need to understand and plan for ecosystem carbon with concepts of resistance and resilience. Using time series of carbon fixation (n = 103), we evaluate forest management treatments and their relative impacts on resistance and resilience in the context of an expansive and severe natural disturbance. Using subalpine spruce–fir forest with a known management history as a study system, we match metrics of ecosystem productivity (net primary production, g C m⁻² year⁻¹) with site-level forest structural measurements to evaluate (1) whether past management efforts impacted forest resistance and resilience during a spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) outbreak, and (2) how forest structure and physiography contribute to anomalies in carbon trajectories. Our analyses have several important implications. First, we show that the framework we applied was robust for detecting forest treatment impacts on carbon trajectories, closely tracked changes in site-level biomass, and was supported by multiple evaluation methods converging on similar management effects on resistance and resilience. Second, we found that stand species composition, site productivity, and elevation predicted resistance, but resilience was only related to elevation and aspect. Our analyses demonstrate application of a practical approach for comparing forest treatments and isolating specific site and physiographic factors associated with resistance and resilience to biotic disturbance in a forest system, which can be used by managers to monitor and plan for both outcomes. More broadly, the approach we take here can be applied to many scenarios, which can facilitate integrated management and monitoring efforts.

中文翻译：

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使用碳轨迹监测阻力和恢复力：森林管理与干扰相互作用的分析

不断变化的气候正在改变生态系统碳动态，对自然系统和人类经济产生影响，但土地管理者几乎没有可用的工具来将碳轨迹有意义地纳入规划工作。为了解决快速变化的条件带来的不确定性，许多从业者将抵抗力和恢复力作为生态系统管理目标，但事实证明这些概念难以跨景观进行监测。在这里，我们通过抵抗力和恢复力的概念来解决日益增长的理解和规划生态系统碳的需求。使用碳固定的时间序列（n = 103)，我们评估了森林管理措施及其在广泛和严重的自然干扰背景下对抵抗力和恢复力的相对影响。使用具有已知管理历史的亚高山云杉-冷杉林作为研究系统，我们将生态系统生产力指标（净初级生产力，g C m −2 年 −1 ）与^现场 级^森林结构测量值相匹配，以评估 (1) 过去是否云杉甲虫（Dendroctonus rufipennis）期间的管理工作影响了森林的抵抗力和恢复力) 爆发，以及 (2) 森林结构和地貌如何导致碳轨迹异常。我们的分析有几个重要的意义。首先，我们表明，我们应用的框架在检测森林处理对碳轨迹的影响、密切跟踪场地级生物量的变化方面具有稳健性，并得到多种评估方法的支持，这些评估方法汇聚了对阻力和恢复力的类似管理效果。其次，我们发现林分物种组成、立地生产力和海拔预测阻力，但恢复力仅与海拔和坡向有关。我们的分析证明了一种实用方法的应用，用于比较森林处理并分离与森林系统中生物干扰的抵抗力和恢复力相关的特定地点和地形因素 管理者可以使用它来监控和规划这两种结果。更广泛地说，我们在这里采用的方法可以应用于许多场景，这可以促进集成管理和监控工作。