Ageing is correlated with elevated bladder cancer incidence, morbidity and mortality. Advanced age is also associated with elevated markers of chronic inflammation and perturbations in gut and urinary tract microbiota. One reason for the increased incidence and mortality of bladder cancer in the elderly might be that age-associated changes in multiple microbiomes induce systemic metabolic changes that contribute to immune dysregulation with potentially tumorigenic effects. The gut and urinary microbiomes could be dysregulated in bladder cancer, although the effect of these changes is poorly understood. Each of these domains — the immune system, gut microbiome and urinary microbiome — might also influence the response of patients with bladder cancer to treatment. Improved understanding of age-related alterations to the immune system and gut and urinary microbiomes could provide possible insight into the risk of bladder cancer development and progression in the elderly. In patients with bladder cancer, improved understanding of microbiota might also provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

衰老与膀胱癌发病率、发病率和死亡率升高相关。高龄还与慢性炎症标志物升高以及肠道和泌尿道微生物群紊乱有关。老年人膀胱癌发病率和死亡率增加的一个原因可能是与年龄相关的多种微生物组的变化会引起全身代谢变化，从而导致免疫失调并具有潜在的致瘤作用。尽管对这些变化的影响知之甚少，但膀胱癌中的肠道和泌尿微生物组可能失调。这些领域中的每一个——免疫系统、肠道微生物组和泌尿微生物组——也可能影响膀胱癌患者对治疗的反应。更好地了解与年龄相关的免疫系统和肠道和泌尿微生物组的变化，可以为老年人膀胱癌发展和进展的风险提供可能的见解。在膀胱癌患者中，提高对微生物群的了解也可能为治疗干预提供潜在目标。