Around the world, movements for justice or social change struggle with the question of whether to use nonviolent or violent protest strategies. While research suggests that nonviolent strategies may be more successful than violent ones, people's preferences and support for different strategies may depend on their specific role in the conflict. We tested this in Study 1 in the context of the Kurdish question in Turkey (N = 320), and we found that Turks and Americans supported nonviolent movements more than violent movements, while Kurds were equally supportive of both. Study 2 (N = 192) replicated Study 1 and investigated whether the preference for nonviolent strategies among the third-party group was dependent on the perceivers' specific preferred outcomes in the conflict. We found that, in the context of the Kurdish question in Syria, third-party Americans still supported nonviolent movements more than violent movements regardless of their preferred outcomes, although the more that they preferred that Kurds would win the conflict, the more supportive they were of both nonviolent and violent protest movements. These studies suggest that the preference for nonviolent strategies may depend on people's role in the conflict, with important implications for addressing conflict needs and conflict resolution.

中文翻译：

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剑或犁：冲突和第三方团体对暴力与非暴力抵抗的反应

在世界各地，争取正义或社会变革的运动都在努力解决是否使用非暴力或暴力抗议策略的问题。虽然研究表明非暴力策略可能比暴力策略更成功，但人们对不同策略的偏好和支持可能取决于他们在冲突中的具体角色。我们在研究 1 中以土耳其库尔德问题为背景（N = 320）对此进行了测试，我们发现土耳其人和美国人支持非暴力运动多于暴力运动，而库尔德人同样支持两者。研究 2 ( N= 192) 复制了研究 1，并调查了第三方群体对非暴力策略的偏好是否取决于感知者在冲突中的特定偏好结果。我们发现，在叙利亚库尔德问题的背景下，第三方美国人仍然比暴力运动更支持非暴力运动，无论他们喜欢的结果如何，尽管他们越是希望库尔德人赢得冲突，他们就越支持非暴力和暴力抗议运动。这些研究表明，对非暴力策略的偏好可能取决于人们在冲突中的角色，这对解决冲突需求和解决冲突具有重要意义。