It is often assumed that if two people work on a failure-detection task one after the other, they will observe more failures than when only one person undertakes the task (4-eyes principle). However, human beings have also been found to exert less effort on tasks that they share responsibility for, a phenomenon called social loafing. In the current research, we assessed the effectiveness of sequential human redundancy in light of possible social loafing. In two laboratory experiments, teams of two participants performed a quality-control task in a blinded and in a nonblinded condition, operationally defined by whether or not evaluations of the first checker were forwarded to the second one. In the blinded condition, no social loafing was found, and a near-perfect overall team performance was observed. In contrast, nonblinded redundancy led to a substantial effort reduction of the second checker. However, despite this social-loafing effect at the second position, even nonblinded redundancy led to an overall safety advantage over a single-checker condition. Our research suggests that social loafing in sequential-human-redundancy work settings can occur but does not necessarily reduce the gains in overall reliability. Blinded processes, however, seem to provoke less social loafing than nonblinded processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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连续的人员冗余：社会懒惰会降低双重检查的安全性吗？

人们通常认为，如果两个人一个接一个地执行故障检测任务，他们会比只有一个人承担任务时观察到更多的故障（四眼原则）。然而，人们也被发现在他们共同负责的任务上付出的努力较少，这种现象称为社会懒散。在当前的研究中，我们根据可能的社会懒惰评估了顺序人员冗余的有效性。在两个实验室实验中，两名参与者组成的团队在盲法和非盲法条件下执行了质量控制任务，操作上由第一个检查员的评估是否转发给第二个检查员来定义。在盲目条件下，没有发现社会游荡，并且观察到近乎完美的整体团队表现。相比之下，非盲冗余导致第二个检查员的工作量大大减少。然而，尽管第二个位置存在这种社会游荡效应，但即使是非盲冗余也会导致整体安全性优于单一检查条件。我们的研究表明，在顺序人力冗余工作环境中可能会出现社会惰化，但不一定会降低整体可靠性的收益。然而，盲化过程似乎比非盲化过程引起更少的社会游荡。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。我们的研究表明，在顺序人力冗余工作环境中可能会出现社会惰化，但不一定会降低整体可靠性的收益。然而，盲化过程似乎比非盲化过程引起更少的社会游荡。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。我们的研究表明，在顺序人力冗余工作环境中可能会出现社会惰化，但不一定会降低整体可靠性的收益。然而，盲化过程似乎比非盲化过程引起更少的社会游荡。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。