Obesity is a worldwide health problem and a significant risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Gut microbiota (GM) plays an essential role in obesity, and prebiotics such as polyphenols could be one way to improve microbial dysbiosis-induced obesity. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of grape seed and skin extract (GSSE), and/or orlistat on obese rats fed with high fat diet by targeting GM modulations. The impact of treatments was also studied in non-obese rats. Rats were rendered obese or kept with a standard diet for three months. Then they were treated either with GSSE or orlistat or with the combined treatment (GSOR) during three months and then sacrificed. Adipose tissues, blood and faeces were collected and analyzed. In obese rats and to a lesser extent in non-obese rats, treatments decreased the weight of various adipose tissues and the serum levels of cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, lipase, and CRP and increased HDL and adiponectin. GSOR treatment was even more efficient that orlistat. Obese rats had less GM diversity than non-obese rats and orlistat reduced it even more. However, diversity was restored with GSSE and GSOR treatments. Potential pathogenic Streptococcus alactolyticus/gallolyticus species were greatly increased in obese rats and drastically reduced with the treatments, as wells as other potential pathobionts. GSSE exerts beneficial effects in obese rats and restores, at least partially, the observed dysbiosis. GSOR induced the highest beneficial effect. Moreover, the various treatments could also enhance physiological and GM modifications in non obese rats.

中文翻译：

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葡萄籽和皮肤提取物，一种通过肠道微生物群调节具有抗肥胖作用的潜在益生元

肥胖是一个世界性的健康问题，也是糖尿病和心血管疾病的重要危险因素。肠道微生物群 (GM) 在肥胖中起着至关重要的作用，而多酚等益生元可能是改善微生物失调引起的肥胖的一种方法。本研究旨在通过靶向 GM 调节来评估葡萄籽和皮肤提取物 (GSSE) 和/或奥利司他对高脂饮食喂养的肥胖大鼠的有效性。治疗的影响也在非肥胖大鼠中进行了研究。大鼠肥胖或保持标准饮食三个月。然后在三个月内用 GSSE 或奥利司他或联合治疗 (GSOR) 治疗它们，然后处死。收集并分析脂肪组织、血液和粪便。在肥胖大鼠中，在非肥胖大鼠中程度较轻，治疗降低了各种脂肪组织的重量和胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯、脂肪酶和 CRP 的血清水平，并增加了高密度脂蛋白和脂联素。GSOR 治疗比奥利司他更有效。肥胖大鼠的 GM 多样性低于非肥胖大鼠，而奥利司他降低了它更多。然而，通过 GSSE 和 GSOR 处理恢复了多样性。潜在致病性链球菌 alactolyticus/gallolyticus 物种在肥胖大鼠中大大增加，并且随着治疗以及其他潜在的致病菌急剧减少。GSSE 在肥胖大鼠中发挥有益作用，并至少部分恢复观察到的生态失调。GSOR 诱导的有益效果最高。此外，各种治疗还可以增强非肥胖大鼠的生理和转基因修饰。