To promote greater sustainability in agriculture, development of agroecology is increasingly being invoked. What are the conditions for establishing agroecological production in tropical regions? Based upon case studies in several tropical areas, we provide here some answers to this question. We review the “pillars” (i.e. principles) and the “implementation levers” (i.e., tools) for the development of agroecology. We identify three main pillars: (1) the mobilization and management of ecological processes for the sustainable production and the resilience of agroecosystems; (2) the development of interactions between technical, social, environmental, and institutional components of agroecosystems for a holistic approach to agroecology; and (3) the scaling up of agroecology that takes place with a plurality of actions and pathways at different organization levels rather than an increase in resources and a replication of standardized technical processes. To implement these three pillars, we identify 11 main bio-technical, cognitive, socio-political, and organizational levers. Bio-technical levers include those for (1) mobilizing complementarity between crop species to optimize natural resources use, (2) mobilizing functional biodiversity at the plot scale to optimize natural regulation of pests and diseases, (3) managing biodiversity at landscape and territorial scales, (4) increasing the efficiency of biogeochemical cycles, and (5) renewing targets for genetic improvement. Cognitive, socio-political, and organizational levers include those for (6) political and institutional action at the national and global level, (7) action at the local level to support producers, (8) political and organizational action at the territorial level, (9) the marketing and the development of new agri-chains, (10) the development of new methods for evaluating production systems, and (11) the recognition of the values of gender and generation within families and other organisational levels. This paper provides an overall orientation for the agroecological transition in tropical agriculture and also considers the socio-political context that underlies this transition.

为了促进农业的更大可持续性，农业生态学的发展越来越受到关注。在热带地区建立生态农业生产的条件是什么？根据几个热带地区的案例研究，我们在此提供这个问题的一些答案。我们回顾了生态农业发展的“支柱”（即原则）和“实施杠杆”（即工具）。我们确定了三个主要支柱：（1）为可持续生产和农业生态系统的复原力而动员和管理生态过程；(2) 发展农业生态系统的技术、社会、环境和制度组成部分之间的相互作用，以实现农业生态学的整体方法；(3) 扩大生态农业，在不同的组织层面采取多种行动和途径，而不是增加资源和复制标准化的技术流程。为了实施这三个支柱，我们确定了 11 个主要的生物技术、认知、社会政治和组织杠杆。生物技术杠杆包括（1）动员作物物种之间的互补性以优化自然资源利用，（2）在地块尺度上动员功能性生物多样性以优化病虫害的自然调节，（3）在景观和地域尺度上管理生物多样性，（4）提高生物地球化学循环的效率，以及（5）更新遗传改良的目标。认知、社会政治、(6) 国家和全球层面的政治和制度行动，(7) 地方层面支持生产者的行动，(8) 地区层面的政治和组织行动，(9) 营销和新农业链的发展，(10) 开发评估生产系统的新方法，以及 (11) 在家庭和其他组织层面承认性别和世代的价值。本文为热带农业生态农业转型提供了总体方向，并考虑了这一转型背后的社会政治背景。(9) 新农业链的营销和开发，(10) 开发评估生产系统的新方法，以及 (11) 在家庭和其他组织层面对性别和世代价值的认识。本文为热带农业生态农业转型提供了总体方向，并考虑了这一转型背后的社会政治背景。(9) 新农业链的营销和开发，(10) 开发评估生产系统的新方法，以及 (11) 在家庭和其他组织层面对性别和世代价值的认识。本文为热带农业生态农业转型提供了总体方向，并考虑了这一转型背后的社会政治背景。