The effects of climate change on natural systems will be substantial, widespread, and likely irreversible. Warmer temperatures and changing precipitation patterns have already contributed to forest dieback and pushed some species toward extinction. Natural systems contribute to human welfare both as an input to the production of consumption goods and through the provision of nonuse values (i.e., existence and bequest values). But because they are often unpriced, it can be difficult to constrain these benefits. Understanding how climate change effects on the natural capital stock affect human well-being, and therefore the social cost of carbon (SCC), requires understanding not just the biophysical effects of climate change but also the particular role they play in supporting human welfare. This article reviews a range of topics from natural capital accounting through climate change economics important for quantifying the ecological costs of climate change and integrating these costs into SCC calculations.

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气候对自然资本的影响：碳社会成本的后果

气候变化对自然系统的影响将是巨大的、广泛的，而且可能是不可逆转的。气温升高和降水模式变化已经导致森林枯死，并导致一些物种濒临灭绝。自然系统既作为消费品生产的投入，又通过提供非使用价值（即存在价值和遗赠价值）来促进人类福祉。但由于它们通常没有定价，因此很难限制这些好处。要了解气候变化对自然资本存量的影响如何影响人类福祉，进而影响碳的社会成本 (SCC)，不仅需要了解气候变化的生物物理影响，还需要了解它们在支持人类福祉方面所发挥的特殊作用。本文回顾了从自然资本核算到气候变化经济学的一系列主题，这些主题对于量化气候变化的生态成本并将这些成本整合到 SCC 计算中非常重要。