Conservation organizations seek to achieve multiple benefits for biodiversity and ecosystem services through protected area expansion, necessitating an understanding of potential co-benefits and trade-offs. We use benefit functions derived from modeled and best-available data to characterize five benefits (habitat area, total species richness, threatened species richness, carbon storage, and recreational use) and examine how trade-off assessments are influenced by policy context, when controlling for the effect of cost and future conversion threat. We applied a pairwise correlation (broad actions) and a “best sites” approach (narrow actions) for land protection across the contiguous United States. We also considered the spatial footprint of regional and thematic policies. Nationally, we find strong potential for co-benefits between biodiversity, habitat, and carbon storage. Scope for co-benefits is weaker when including recreational use, an ecosystem service driven primarily by human population. Crucially, we show that the conclusions one would draw regarding scope for co-benefits can change markedly depending on the context and spatial footprint of policy decisions.

中文翻译：

---

美国毗邻地区不同的土地保护政策对陆地生物多样性和生态系统服务的共同利益

保护组织寻求通过扩大保护区来实现生物多样性和生态系统服务的多重利益，因此需要了解潜在的共同利益和权衡取舍。我们使用从建模和最佳可用数据中得出的收益函数来描述五种收益（栖息地面积、总物种丰富度、受威胁物种丰富度、碳储存和娱乐用途），并检查权衡评估如何受到政策背景的影响，当控制成本和未来转换威胁的影响。我们应用了成对相关（广泛的行动）和“最佳地点”方法（狭义的行动）来保护美国本土的土地。我们还考虑了区域和主题政策的空间足迹。在全国范围内，我们发现生物多样性、栖息地和碳储存。当包括娱乐用途时，共同利益的范围较弱，这是一种主要由人口驱动的生态系统服务。至关重要的是，我们表明，根据政策决策的背景和空间足迹，人们得出的关于共同利益范围的结论可能会发生显着变化。