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Enteric viruses replicate in salivary glands and infect through saliva
Nature ( IF 64.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-06-29 , DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04895-8
S Ghosh 1 , M Kumar 1 , M Santiana 1 , A Mishra 1 , M Zhang 1 , H Labayo 1 , A M Chibly 2 , H Nakamura 3 , T Tanaka 3 , W Henderson 4 , E Lewis 5, 6 , O Voss 7 , Y Su 8, 9 , Y Belkaid 5, 6 , J A Chiorini 3 , M P Hoffman 2 , N Altan-Bonnet 1
Affiliation  

Enteric viruses like norovirus, rotavirus and astrovirus have long been accepted as spreading in the population through fecal–oral transmission: viruses are shed into feces from one host and enter the oral cavity of another, bypassing salivary glands (SGs) and reaching the intestines to replicate, be shed in feces and repeat the transmission cycle1. Yet there are viruses (for example, rabies) that infect the SGs2,3, making the oral cavity one site of replication and saliva one conduit of transmission. Here we report that enteric viruses productively and persistently infect SGs, reaching titres comparable to those in the intestines. We demonstrate that enteric viruses get released into the saliva, identifying a second route of viral transmission. This is particularly significant for infected infants, whose saliva directly transmits enteric viruses to their mothers’ mammary glands through backflow during suckling. This sidesteps the conventional gut–mammary axis route4 and leads to a rapid surge in maternal milk secretory IgA antibodies5,6. Lastly, we show that SG-derived spheroids7 and cell lines8 can replicate and propagate enteric viruses, generating a scalable and manageable system of production. Collectively, our research uncovers a new transmission route for enteric viruses with implications for therapeutics, diagnostics and importantly sanitation measures to prevent spread through saliva.



中文翻译:

肠道病毒在唾液腺中复制并通过唾液感染

诺瓦克病毒、轮状病毒和星状病毒等肠道病毒长期以来被认为是通过粪口传播在人群中传播的:病毒从一个宿主进入粪便并进入另一个宿主的口腔,绕过唾液腺 (SG) 并到达肠道以传播病毒复制,在粪便中脱落并重复传播周期1。然而,有些病毒(例如狂犬病)会感染 SG 2,3,使口腔成为一个复制点,使唾液成为一个传播渠道。在这里,我们报告肠道病毒有效且持续地感染 SG,达到与肠道中的病毒相当的滴度。我们证明肠道病毒会释放到唾液中,从而确定病毒传播的第二条途径。这对受感染的婴儿尤其重要,他们的唾液在哺乳期间通过回流将肠道病毒直接传播到母亲的乳腺。这避开了传统的肠道-乳腺轴路线4并导致母乳分泌 IgA 抗体迅速激增5,6。最后,我们展示了 SG 衍生的球体7和细胞系8可以复制和传播肠道病毒,产生可扩展和可管理的生产系统。总的来说,我们的研究揭示了一种新的肠道病毒传播途径,对治疗、诊断和防止通过唾液传播的重要卫生措施具有重要意义。

更新日期:2022-06-29
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