In this study, we developed green composites made of homogenized-bacterial cellulose, that is, gelatin containing different concentrations of mangosteen extract using tannin as a natural crosslinker. The films were fabricated using a fast and simple casting method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed uniform morphology. The water vapor permeability of the films ranged from 628 to 976 g/m²/day, which was comparable to commercial dressings. The fluid uptake ability ranged between 250 and 390%. All films in hydrated state were flexible, stable, and capable of bearing force. Furthermore, films containing the mangosteen extract had good stability, were well-embedded in the bacteria cellulose-based matrix, and could retain its bioactivity. The fabricated film exhibited good antibacterial property against S. aereus and E. coli upon direct contact according to the surface method test (JIS Z 2801), which become comparable to commercial tulle dressing. Films were nontoxic to human keratinocytes (HaCat) and human gingival fibroblasts (GF). Films exhibited anticancer properties against human oral cancer cells (CAL27). Bacterial cellulose pellicles were mechanically disintegrated into fibrils suspension and then reconstructed with the incorporation of gelatin and mangosteen extract. The novel biocomposites were created with improved antibacterial and anticancer properties. Our findings suggest that the biocomposites from bacterial cellulose, gelatin incorporated with mangosteen extract, could be an intriguing option for further research as the daily and single-use direct contact film for the treatment of skin wounds, gingivitis, periodontitis, and oral cancer.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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含有山竹提取物的多功能细菌纤维素-明胶薄膜，具有改善的抗菌和抗癌特性

在这项研究中，我们开发了由均质细菌纤维素制成的绿色复合材料，即含有不同浓度山竹提取物的明胶，使用单宁作为天然交联剂。这些薄膜是使用快速简单的铸造方法制造的。扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 显微照片显示均匀的形态。薄膜的水蒸气渗透率范围为 628 至 976 g/m ²/day，这与商业敷料相当。流体吸收能力在 250% 和 390% 之间。所有处于水合状态的薄膜均具有柔韧性、稳定性和承受力的能力。此外，含有山竹提取物的薄膜具有良好的稳定性，能很好地嵌入细菌纤维素基基质中，并能保持其生物活性。制备的薄膜对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌表现出良好的抗菌性能根据表面法测试 (JIS Z 2801) 直接接触后，可与商业薄纱敷料相媲美。薄膜对人角质形成细胞 (HaCat) 和人牙龈成纤维细胞 (GF) 无毒。薄膜对人类口腔癌细胞（CAL27）表现出抗癌特性。细菌纤维素薄膜被机械分解成原纤维悬浮液，然后加入明胶和山竹提取物进行重建。新型生物复合材料具有改进的抗菌和抗癌特性。我们的研究结果表明，来自细菌纤维素、明胶与山竹提取物的生物复合材料可能是进一步研究的一个有趣的选择，作为用于治疗皮肤伤口、牙龈炎、牙周炎和口腔癌的日常和一次性直接接触膜。

图形概要