The bidirectional associations between maternal depression and child psychological functioning are generally well-established. Paternal depression may also share some bidirectional associations with child psychological functioning, but there is limited research in this area. It is unclear how or when one family member's anxiety or depression might affect another family member's mental health. The present study tested the bidirectional associations between maternal depression, paternal depression, and children's internalizing problems of anxiety and depression from early childhood into mid-adolescence. The present study also included unmarried parents, who are often underrepresented in research. Secondary analyses were performed using a subset of data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing (FFCW) study, beginning when children were 3-years-old and ending when children were 15-years-old. Families (N = 4,873) were from racially and economically diverse backgrounds-nearly half of the mothers were non-Hispanic Black and 65% of mothers had a high school degree or further education. We found evidence of bidirectional associations between maternal depression and child internalizing problems across early childhood and into adolescence. We found no bidirectional associations between paternal and maternal depression or between paternal depression and children's internalizing problems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

父母抑郁和孩子内化问题之间的交叉滞后效应。

母亲抑郁症与儿童心理功能之间的双向关联通常是公认的。父亲抑郁症也可能与儿童心理功能有一些双向关联，但该领域的研究有限。目前尚不清楚一位家庭成员的焦虑或抑郁如何或何时会影响另一位家庭成员的心理健康。本研究测试了母亲抑郁症、父亲抑郁症与儿童从幼儿期到青春期中期的焦虑和抑郁内化问题之间的双向关联。本研究还包括未婚父母，他们在研究中的代表性往往不足。使用来自脆弱家庭和儿童福利 (FFCW) 研究的数据子集进行了二次分析，从孩子3岁开始，到15岁结束。家庭 (N = 4,873) 来自不同的种族和经济背景——近一半的母亲是非西班牙裔黑人，65% 的母亲拥有高中学历或继续教育。我们发现了母亲抑郁症与儿童早期和青春期儿童内化问题之间存在双向关联的证据。我们没有发现父亲抑郁症和母亲抑郁症之间或父亲抑郁症与儿童内化问题之间存在双向关联。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。873）来自不同的种族和经济背景——近一半的母亲是非西班牙裔黑人，65% 的母亲拥有高中学历或继续教育。我们发现了母亲抑郁症与儿童早期和青春期儿童内化问题之间存在双向关联的证据。我们没有发现父亲抑郁症和母亲抑郁症之间或父亲抑郁症与儿童内化问题之间存在双向关联。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。873）来自不同的种族和经济背景——近一半的母亲是非西班牙裔黑人，65% 的母亲拥有高中学历或继续教育。我们发现了母亲抑郁症与儿童早期和青春期儿童内化问题之间存在双向关联的证据。我们没有发现父亲抑郁症和母亲抑郁症之间或父亲抑郁症与儿童内化问题之间存在双向关联。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。我们没有发现父亲抑郁症和母亲抑郁症之间或父亲抑郁症与儿童内化问题之间存在双向关联。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。我们没有发现父亲抑郁症和母亲抑郁症之间或父亲抑郁症与儿童内化问题之间存在双向关联。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。