Child temperament appears to evoke specific parenting behaviors that contribute to child development. However, questions remain about whether individual differences in children's temperamental self-regulation, namely, effortful control (EC), shape moment-to-moment parent-child interaction dynamics. Accordingly, we examined whether differences in children's EC were related to dynamic synchrony of parent and child behaviors during a challenging problem-solving task. We also tested whether these relations varied by parents' expressions of positive and negative behaviors that might differentially support or undermine children's regulatory efforts. State-trait multilevel models demonstrated that parent-child dyads engaged in dynamic, real-time behavioral concordance while parents engaged in positive but not negative behaviors. Further, dynamic concordance during parents' expressions of both positive and negative behaviors was moderated such that dyads with children higher in EC showed greater concordance. Additionally, when child behavior was more negative on average, parent behavior was also more negative on average. Results suggest parents' positive (compared to negative) behaviors are more likely to facilitate real-time synchrony and that children with higher EC may experience or foster greater behavioral synchrony with parents. Discussion centers on the importance of children's individual differences in shaping parent-child synchrony and potential implications for children's developing self-regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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儿童努力控制对亲子行为同步性的影响。

儿童气质似乎会引发有助于儿童发展的特定养育行为。然而，关于儿童气质自我调节（即努力控制（EC））的个体差异是否会影响亲子互动的动态，仍然存在疑问。因此，我们研究了儿童 EC 的差异是否与父母和孩子在挑战性的问题解决任务中行为的动态同步性有关。我们还测试了这些关系是否会因父母对积极和消极行为的表达而变化，这些行为可能会不同地支持或破坏儿童的监管努力。状态特质多层次模型表明，亲子二人组从事动态、实时的行为一致性，而父母则从事积极而非消极的行为。此外，父母表达积极和消极行为的动态一致性被调节，使得具有较高 EC 的孩子的二人组表现出更大的一致性。此外，当孩子的行为平均更加消极时，父母的行为平均也更加消极。结果表明，父母的积极（与消极）行为更有可能促进实时同步，并且 EC 较高的孩子可能会经历或促进与父母更大的行为同步。讨论的重点是儿童个体差异在塑造亲子同步性方面的重要性以及对儿童发展自我调节的潜在影响。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。