Recent advances in the development of organic solar cells (OSCs) have produced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 19%. Various studies have been conducted on scalable coating methods that are compatible with large-area production of organic photovoltaic modules. However, it is still difficult to control the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) morphology of the active layer during large-scale fabrication of OSCs. This study reports a morphology-controllable strategy in OSCs using water treatment (WT) in the stirring process of the active solution, thus resulting in vortex agitation. The effects of WT and water injection volume are investigated based on three reference cells for the optimization of small- and large-area devices, and the physicochemical and optical properties of the films are compared with those without WT. The thin films with WT exhibit a smoother morphology than those without WT, indicating well-dispersed donor–acceptor phases. Therefore, enhanced efficiencies of the films are achieved via WT. Furthermore, large-area solar cell modules with a total effective area of 10 cm² are fabricated, and they exhibit superior PCEs as high as 11.92% (H-NF-DIW10), indicating that the WT method is a simple and effective strategy to fabricate large-area organic photovoltaic modules.

中文翻译：

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在槽模涂层有机太阳能电池中引入水处理以提高器件性能和稳定性

有机太阳能电池 (OSC) 开发的最新进展已产生超过 19% 的功率转换效率 (PCE)。已经对与有机光伏模块的大面积生产兼容的可扩展涂层方法进行了各种研究。然而，在大规模制造 OSC 的过程中，仍然难以控制有源层的体异质结 (BHJ) 形态。本研究报告了一种在活性溶液搅拌过程中使用水处理 (WT) 在 OSC 中的形态可控策略，从而导致涡流搅拌。基于三个参考单元研究了WT和注水量的影响，以优化小面积和大面积器件，并将薄膜的物理化学和光学性质与没有WT的薄膜进行了比较。具有 WT 的薄膜比没有 WT 的薄膜表现出更光滑的形态，表明供体 - 受体相分散良好。因此，通过 WT 可以提高薄膜的效率。此外，总有效面积为10 cm的大面积太阳能电池组件²被制造出来，它们表现出高达 11.92% (H-NF-DIW10) 的优异 PCE，表明 WT 方法是制造大面积有机光伏模块的一种简单有效的策略。