The extraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) provides a significant opportunity to manage MSW while bolstering energy security. As a result, research in this area has gained traction over the last few decades. It appears that this route carries the potential to reshape the future of energy and environmental management. However, the technological, socio-economic, and legal challenges are the stumbling blocks that need to be overcome for the successful implementation of such technology. Therefore, this effort reviews the available literature to gather pertinent information on the benefits and limitations of the existing conventional and non-conventional MSW management methods, the challenges involved in their large-scale implementation, the opportunities that such technologies can create, and the governmental policies that need to be in effect to foster their implementation. To provide some perspective, this review presents the case studies from Brazil, India, and New Zealand where these technologies have been implemented with varying levels of success. A thorough comparison of these case studies should potentially highlight the areas of major concern that hinder WtE implementation. Overall, MSW management via WtE routes, e.g., chemical, biological, and thermal, are more effective at MSWM than conventional methods. It also becomes evident that MSW statistics (generation, accumulation, composition, etc.) can vary significantly based on geographical location, socio-economic factors, etc. Therefore, concrete strategies, perspectives, and roadmaps will be necessary to select the best technology for each situation. Finally, large-scale implementation of these WtE technologies would necessitate economic incentives and favorable governmental policies.

城市固体废物 (MSW) 的提取为管理 MSW 提供了重要机会，同时加强了能源安全。因此，该领域的研究在过去几十年中获得了广泛的关注。这条路线似乎具有重塑能源和环境管理未来的潜力。然而，技术、社会经济和法律挑战是成功实施此类技术需要克服的绊脚石。因此，这项工作回顾了现有文献，以收集有关现有常规和非常规 MSW 管理方法的好处和局限性、大规模实施所涉及的挑战、此类技术可以创造的机会的相关信息，以及为促进其实施而需要生效的政府政策。为了提供一些观点，本综述介绍了巴西、印度和新西兰的案例研究，这些技术在这些国家的实施取得了不同程度的成功。对这些案例研究的彻底比较应该可能突出阻碍 WtE 实施的主要关注领域。总体而言，通过 WtE 途径（例如化学、生物和热力）管理 MSW 在 MSWM 中比传统方法更有效。很明显，MSW 统计数据（生成、积累、组成等）可能会因地理位置、社会经济因素等而有很大差异。因此，需要具体的战略、观点和路线图来选择最佳技术每种情况。最后，