Over the past decade, the development of ‘simple’ blood tests that enable cancer screening, diagnosis or monitoring and facilitate the design of personalized therapies without the need for invasive tumour biopsy sampling has been a core ambition in cancer research. Data emerging from ongoing biomarker development efforts indicate that multiple markers, used individually or as part of a multimodal panel, are required to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of assays for early stage cancer detection. The discovery of cancer-associated molecular alterations that are reflected in blood at multiple dimensions (genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome) and integration of the resultant multi-omics data have the potential to uncover novel biomarkers as well as to further elucidate the underlying molecular pathways. Herein, we review key advances in multi-omics liquid biopsy approaches and introduce the ‘nano-omics’ paradigm: the development and utilization of nanotechnology tools for the enrichment and subsequent omics analysis of the blood-circulating cancerome.

在过去的十年中，开发“简单”的血液检测，使癌症筛查、诊断或监测成为可能，并促进个性化疗法的设计，而无需侵入性肿瘤活检取样，一直是癌症研究的核心目标。来自正在进行的生物标志物开发工作的数据表明，需要多个标志物，单独使用或作为多模式面板的一部分，以提高早期癌症检测分析的灵敏度和特异性。发现反映在血液中多个维度（基因组、表观基因组、转录组、蛋白质组和代谢组）的癌症相关分子改变以及整合所得的多组学数据有可能发现新的生物标志物并进一步阐明潜在的分子途径。在此处，