There is a well-documented gap in the observed number of scientific works produced by women and men in science, with clear consequences for the retention and promotion of women in science¹. The gap might be a result of productivity differences^2-5, or it might be due to women’s contributions not being acknowledged^6,7. This paper finds that at least part of this gap is due to the latter: women in research teams are significantly less likely to be credited with authorship than are men. The findings are consistent across three very different sources of data. Analysis of the first source - large scale administrative data on research teams, team scientific output, and attribution of credit - show that women are significantly less likely to be named on any given article or patent produced by their team relative to their peers. The gender gap in attribution is found across almost all scientific fields and career stages. The second source – an extensive survey of authors – similarly shows that women’s scientific contributions are systematically less likely to be recognized. The third source – qualitative responses – suggests that the reason is that their work is often not known, not appreciated, or ignored. At least some of the observed gender gap in scientific output may not be due to differences in scientific contribution, but to differences in attribution.

据观察，科学界女性和男性创作的科学作品数量存在明显差距，这对女性在科学领域的保留和晋升产生了明显的影响¹。这种差距可能是由于生产力差异造成的^2-5，也可能是由于妇女的贡献没有得到承认^6,7。本文发现，这种差距至少部分归因于后者：研究团队中的女性被认为是作者的可能性明显低于男性。三个截然不同的数据源的研究结果是一致的。对第一个来源（研究团队的大规模管理数据、团队科学产出和信用归属）的分析表明，与同行相比，女性在其团队发表的任何特定文章或专利中被提及的可能性要小得多。归因方面的性别差距几乎存在于所有科学领域和职业阶段。第二个来源——对作者的广泛调查——同样表明，女性的科学贡献总体上不太可能得到认可。第三个来源——定性反应——表明原因是他们的工作常常不为人所知、不被欣赏或被忽视。至少在科学产出中观察到的一些性别差距可能不是由于科学贡献的差异，而是归因于归因的差异。