This study is the first one that examines simultaneously the direct and indirect effects of soil salinity on rice and rice weeds and suggests solutions to secure both rice production and effective weed control. Salinity negatively impairs growth, reproduction, and rice grain yield. Several studies have addressed the effects of salinity on rice yield when plants are exposed to salinity stress either at the vegetative or reproductive stage. However, rice response to salt stress is a quantitative trait that is influenced by several other factors including genotype, severity and extent of stress, type of tissue, and the stage of growth at which the stress occurs. It is therefore important to exploit holistically the effects of salinity on rice in order to utilize effective short- and long-term strategies to alleviate the negative effects of salinity on the crop. The complexity of this important and growing problem becomes even more acute when the effects of rice weeds that coexist with the crop at saline conditions are taken into consideration. Although the response of rice to salt stress has been investigated in-depth, knowledge of the salinity effects on the weed community is limited. Furthermore, the synergistic options for both salinity and weed management are inadequate. Here, we suggest strategies that address both issues. The use of salt-tolerant rice cultivars, transplanting systems, and seed priming can be adequately employed for both salinity adaptation and effective weed control. Other strategies such as double rice cropping systems, fertilization management, use of soil amendments, water management, exogenous application of phytoprotectants, or inoculation with growth-promoting bacteria require more research and thorough consideration before their adoption because it is likely that such practices could benefit the crop as well as the weeds.

这项研究是第一个同时检查土壤盐分对水稻和水稻杂草的直接和间接影响的研究，并提出了确保水稻生产和有效杂草控制的解决方案。盐度对生长、繁殖和稻谷产量产生负面影响。一些研究已经解决了当植物在营养或生殖阶段受到盐分胁迫时盐分对水稻产量的影响。然而，水稻对盐胁迫的反应是一种数量性状，受其他几个因素的影响，包括基因型、胁迫的严重程度和程度、组织类型以及发生胁迫的生长阶段。因此，重要的是要全面利用盐分对水稻的影响，以便利用有效的短期和长期策略来减轻盐分对作物的负面影响。当考虑到在盐碱条件下与作物共存的稻草杂草的影响时，这一重要且日益严重的问题的复杂性变得更加严重。尽管已经深入研究了水稻对盐胁迫的反应，但对盐分对杂草群落影响的了解有限。此外，盐度和杂草管理的协同选择不足。在这里，我们建议解决这两个问题的策略。耐盐水稻品种、移植系统和种子引发的使用可充分用于盐分适应和有效的杂草控制。