Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular reticular fibrillar structures composed of DNA, histones, granulins and cytoplasmic proteins that are delivered externally by neutrophils in response to stimulation with various types of microorganisms, cytokines and host molecules, etc. NET formation has been extensively demonstrated to trap, immobilize, inactivate and kill invading microorganisms and acts as a form of innate response against pathogenic invasion. However, NETs are a double-edged sword. In the event of imbalance between NET formation and clearance, excessive NETs not only directly inflict tissue lesions, but also recruit pro-inflammatory cells or proteins that promote the release of inflammatory factors and magnify the inflammatory response further, driving the progression of many human diseases. The deleterious effects of excessive release of NETs on gut diseases are particularly crucial as NETs are more likely to be disrupted by neutrophils infiltrating the intestinal epithelium during intestinal disorders, leading to intestinal injury, and in addition, NETs and their relevant molecules are capable of directly triggering the death of intestinal epithelial cells. Within this context, a large number of NETs have been reported in several intestinal diseases, including intestinal infections, inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and colorectal cancer. Therefore, the formation of NET would have to be strictly monitored to prevent their mediated tissue damage. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge on the formation mechanisms of NETs and their pathophysiological roles in a variety of intestinal diseases, with the aim of providing an essential directional guidance and theoretical basis for clinical interventions in the exploration of mechanisms underlying NETs and targeted therapies.

中文翻译：

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中性粒细胞胞外陷阱在肠道疾病中的新兴作用

中性粒细胞胞外陷阱 (NETs) 是由 DNA、组蛋白、颗粒蛋白和细胞质蛋白组成的细胞外网状纤维结构，由中性粒细胞在各种微生物、细胞因子和宿主分子等刺激下向外传递。NET 的形成已被广泛证明捕获、固定、灭活和杀死入侵的微生物，并作为对病原体入侵的先天反应形式。然而，NET 是一把双刃剑。在 NET 形成和清除失衡的情况下，过量的 NETs 不仅直接造成组织损伤，而且会募集促炎细胞或蛋白质，促进炎症因子的释放，进一步放大炎症反应，从而推动许多人类疾病的进展。 . NETs 过度释放对肠道疾病的有害影响尤为重要，因为 NETs 在肠道疾病期间更容易被中性粒细胞浸润肠上皮细胞破坏，导致肠道损伤，此外，NETs 及其相关分子能够直接引发肠上皮细胞的死亡。在这种情况下，大量 NETs 被报道用于多种肠道疾病，包括肠道感染、炎症性肠病、肠道缺血再灌注损伤、败血症、坏死性小肠结肠炎和结直肠癌。因此，必须严格监测 NET 的形成，以防止其介导的组织损伤。在本次审查中，