Worldwide nanotechnology development and application have fueled many scientific advances, but technophilic expectations and technophobic demands must be counterbalanced in parallel. Some of the burning issues today are the following: (1) Where is nano today? (2) How good are the communication and investment networks between academia/research and governments? (3) Is there any spotlight application for nanotechnology? Nanomedicine is a particular arm of nanotechnology within the healthcare landscape, focused on diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of emerging (such as coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) and contemporary (including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer) diseases. However, it may only represent the bright side of the coin. In fact, in the recent past, the concept of nanotoxicology has emerged to address the dark shadows of nanomedicine. The nanomedicine field requires more nanotoxicological studies to identify undesirable effects and guarantee safety. Here, we provide an overall perspective on nanomedicine and nanotoxicology as central pieces of the giant puzzle of nanotechnology. First, the impact of nanotechnology on education and research is highlighted, followed by market trends and scientific output tendencies. In the next section, the nanomedicine and nanotoxicology dilemma is addressed through the interplay of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo models with the support of omics and microfluidic approaches. Lastly, a reflection on the regulatory issues and clinical trials is provided. Finally, some conclusions and future perspectives are proposed for a clearer and safer translation of nanomedicines from the bench to the bedside.

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今天的 Nano 在哪里，它将走向何方？纳米医学回顾与纳米毒理学的困境

全球纳米技术的发展和应用推动了许多科学进步，但必须同时平衡对技术的期望和对技术的需求。今天的一些紧迫问题如下：(1) 今天的 nano 在哪里？(2) 学术界/研究机构与政府之间的沟通和投资网络有多好？(3) 纳米技术有什么亮点应用吗？纳米医学是医疗领域纳米技术的一个特殊分支，专注于诊断、治疗和监测新兴疾病（如 2019 年冠状病毒病、COVID-19）和当代疾病（包括糖尿病、心血管疾病、神经退行性疾病和癌症）。但是，它可能只代表硬币好的一面。事实上，在不久的将来，纳米毒理学的概念已经出现，以解决纳米医学的黑暗阴影。纳米医学领域需要更多的纳米毒理学研究来识别不良反应并保证安全性。在这里，我们提供了关于纳米医学和纳米毒理学作为纳米技术巨大难题的核心部分的整体观点。首先，突出了纳米技术对教育和研究的影响，其次是市场趋势和科学产出趋势。在下一节中，纳米医学和纳米毒理学的困境将通过 我们提供了关于纳米医学和纳米毒理学作为纳米技术巨大难题的核心部分的整体观点。首先，突出了纳米技术对教育和研究的影响，其次是市场趋势和科学产出趋势。在下一节中，纳米医学和纳米毒理学的困境将通过 我们提供了关于纳米医学和纳米毒理学作为纳米技术巨大难题的核心部分的整体观点。首先，突出了纳米技术对教育和研究的影响，其次是市场趋势和科学产出趋势。在下一节中，纳米医学和纳米毒理学的困境将通过在组学和微流体方法的支持下进行计算机模拟、体外和体内模型。最后，提供了对监管问题和临床试验的反思。最后，提出了一些结论和未来展望，以便更清晰、更安全地将纳米药物从工作台转移到床边。