The use of non-metal ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) as effective charge carriers in battery systems is receiving widespread attention because of their light weight and small hydration shells in water as well as abundancy of the elements. The research concerning NH₄⁺ ion redox chemistry in batteries is still in its infancy, mainly because the large ionic radius of NH₄⁺ would require a host material to have a wider open structure and thus limits the choice of electrode materials. NH₄⁺ ion redox chemistry is dominated by non-ionic chemical bonding such as hydrogen bonding with some covalent bonding in nature which plays a significant role in electrochemical performance of the battery. In this work, an in-situ intercalation technique is utilized to synthesize polyaniline-intercalated vanadium oxide with a nanoflower morphology for increased surface area and enhanced NH₄⁺ ion (de)intercalation kinetics. Through this strategy, an interlayer spacing of 13.99Å between V-O layers is reached, offering large diffusion channels to accommodate NH₄⁺ ions which have an ionic radius of 1.48 Å and a hydrated radius of 3.31Å. The diffusion kinetics of the NH₄⁺ ions, influenced by the hydrogen bonds formed between NH₄⁺ ion and O²⁻ in the host structure, are thus effectively enhanced by the unique π-conjugated structure of PANI, leading to high capacity, improved rate capability and improved cycle life. The as-prepared PANI-intercalated V₂O₅ (PVO) demonstrates stable, ultrafast NH₄⁺ ion electrochemical storage based on hydrogen bond chemistry as elucidated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy characterizations. Additionally, the composition of the PVO electrode is optimized with respect to the amount of PANI between the V-O layers. The PVO with an optimal composition exhibits the best overall electrochemical performance, delivering a high capacity of 192.5 mA hg⁻¹ and 39 mA hg⁻¹ at specific currents of 1 and 20 A g⁻¹ respectively, as well as a stable cycle life with a capacity retention of 98% at a specific current of 10 and 20 A g⁻¹. As such, the present work provides critical insights into the design of promising electrode materials for emerging aqueous non-metal batteries with intrinsic safety and reduced cost.

非金属铵离子（NH ₄ ⁺）在电池系统中作为有效电荷载体的使用因其重量轻、在水中的水合壳小以及元素丰富而受到广泛关注。关于电池中NH ₄ ⁺离子氧化还原化学的研究仍处于起步阶段，主要是因为NH ₄ ⁺的大离子半径需要主体材料具有更宽的开放结构，从而限制了电极材料的选择。NH ₄ ⁺离子氧化还原化学以非离子化学键合为主，例如氢键和自然界中的一些共价键，这对电池的电化学性能起着重要作用。在这项工作中，利用原位插层技术合成具有纳米花形态的聚苯胺插层氧化钒，以增加表面积和增强 NH ₄ ⁺离子（脱）插层动力学。通过这种策略，VO层之间的层间距达到了13.99Å，提供了大的扩散通道来容纳离子半径为1.48 Å、水合半径为3.31 Å的NH ₄ ^+离子。_{NH 4} ⁺离子的扩散动力学，受NH之间形成的氢键的影响_{因此，PANI独特的π共轭结构有效地增强了主体结构中的4} ⁺离子和O ^2-，从而提高了容量，提高了倍率性能并提高了循环寿命。所制备的 PANI 插层 V ₂ O ₅ (PVO) 展示了基于氢键化学的稳定、超快的 NH ₄ ^{+离子电化学存储，如 X 射线光电子能谱和拉曼光谱表征所阐明的那样。}此外，PVO 电极的组成针对 VO 层之间的 PANI 量进行了优化。具有最佳组成的 PVO 表现出最佳的整体电化学性能，提供 192.5 mA hg ^{-1的高容量}和 39 mA hg ^-1分别在 1 和 20 A g ^-1的比电流下，以及在 10 和 20 A g ^-1的比电流下具有 98% 的容量保持率的稳定循环寿命。因此，目前的工作为具有本质安全性和降低成本的新兴水性非金属电池的有前途的电极材料的设计提供了重要的见解。