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Review: Physiology and nutrition of late gestating and transition sows
Journal of Animal Science ( IF 3.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 , DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac176
Peter Kappel Theil 1 , Chantal Farmer 2 , Takele Feyera 1
Affiliation  

The physiology during late gestation and the transition period to lactation changes dramatically in the sow, especially during the latter period. Understanding the physiological processes and how they change dynamically as the sow approaches farrowing, nest building, giving birth to piglets, and producing colostrum is important because these processes greatly affect sow productivity. Glucose originating from assimilated starch accounts for the majority of dietary energy, and around farrowing, various organs and peripheral tissues compete for plasma glucose, which may become depleted. Indeed, physical activity increases shortly prior to farrowing, leading to glucose use by muscles. Approximately ½ to 1 d later, glucose is also needed for uterine contractions to expel the piglets and for the mammary gland to produce lactose and fat for colostrum. At farrowing, the sow appears to prioritize glucose to the mammary gland above the uterus, whereby insufficient dietary energy may compromise the farrowing process. At this time, energy metabolism in the uterus shifts dramatically from relying mainly on the oxidation of glucogenic energy substrates (primarily glucose) to ketogenic energy supplied from triglycerides. The rapid growth of mammary tissue occurs in the last third of gestation, and it accelerates as the sow approaches farrowing. In the last 1 to 2 wk prepartum, some fat may be produced in the mammary glands and stored to be secreted in either colostrum or transient milk. During the first 6 h after the onset of farrowing, the uptake of glucose and lactate by the mammary glands roughly doubles. Lactate is supplying approximately 15% of the glucogenic carbon taken up by the mammary glands and originates from the strong uterine contractions. Thereafter, the mammary uptake of glucose and lactate declines, which suggests that the amount of colostrum secreted starts to decrease at that time. Optimal nutrition of sows during late gestation and the transition period should focus on mammary development, farrowing performance, and colostrum production. The birth weight of piglets seems to be only slightly responsive to maternal nutrition in gilts; on the other hand, sows will counterbalance insufficient feed or nutrient intake by increasing mobilization of their body reserves. Ensuring sufficient energy to sows around farrowing is crucial and may be achieved via adequate feed supply, at least three daily meals, high dietary fiber content, and extra supplementation of energy.

中文翻译:

综述:妊娠晚期和围产期母猪的生理和营养

母猪在妊娠后期和泌乳过渡期的生理变化很大,尤其是在后期。了解生理过程及其在母猪分娩、筑巢、产仔猪和生产初乳时的动态变化非常重要,因为这些过程会极大地影响母猪的生产力。源自同化淀粉的葡萄糖占膳食能量的大部分,在分娩前后,各种器官和外周组织竞争可能耗尽的血浆葡萄糖。事实上,在分娩前不久,体力活动会增加,导致肌肉消耗葡萄糖。大约 ½ 到 1 天后,子宫收缩也需要葡萄糖来排出仔猪,乳腺也需要葡萄糖来产生乳糖和脂肪用于初乳。在分娩时,母猪似乎优先将葡萄糖输送到子宫上方的乳腺,因此日粮能量不足可能会影响分娩过程。此时,子宫内的能量代谢从主要依赖生糖能量底物(主要是葡萄糖)的氧化显着转变为由甘油三酯提供的生酮能量。乳腺组织的快速生长发生在妊娠的最后三分之一,并且随着母猪临近分娩而加速。在产前最后 1 到 2 周,乳腺可能会产生一些脂肪,并储存起来分泌到初乳或瞬态乳汁中。在分娩开始后的前 6 小时内,乳腺对葡萄糖和乳酸的吸收大致翻了一番。乳酸盐提供约 15% 的乳腺吸收的生糖碳,并源自强烈的子宫收缩。此后,乳房对葡萄糖和乳酸的摄取下降,这表明此时分泌的初乳量开始减少。母猪在妊娠后期和过渡期的最佳营养应侧重于乳房发育、分娩性能和初乳产量。仔猪的出生体重似乎对后备母猪的母体营养只有轻微的反应;另一方面,母猪​​会通过增加身体储备的动员来平衡饲料或营养摄入不足。确保母猪在分娩前后有足够的能量是至关重要的,可以通过充足的饲料供应、至少每日三餐、高膳食纤维含量、
更新日期:2022-06-16
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