Water-soluble polymers, as thickeners, are the vital component of high temperature-resistant fracturing fluids. With the expansion of oil and gas exploration and development to deep unconventional reservoirs, better performances for polymer-based fracturing fluids are required. According to the types of polymers, polymer-based fracturing fluids can be divided into biopolymers, synthetic polymers and composite systems (including synergistic blends and nanocomposites). The relationships between structures and high-temperature resistance mechanisms of different polymers types were discussed in detail. The results showed that high molecular weight, extensive intermolecular association of guar gum chains through hydrogen bonds in aqueous solution and the use of high-temperature resistant additives (organic metal crosslinkers and gel stabilizers) make the biopolymers resistant to the high-temperature environment below 150 °C. The main chain structure connected by C–C covalent bonds with high bond energy, the auxiliary effects of functional side chain groups (hydrophilic groups, cross-linking groups, rigid groups and hydrophobic groups) and high-temperature resistant additives (organic metal crosslinkers and gel stabilizers) make the synthetic polymers temperature resistant up to 240 °C. Based on the noncovalent interactions between molecules (such as hydrophobic associations, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic attractions, etc.), the temperature tolerance range of the synergistic blending systems is 110–150 °C. Relying on nanomaterials as the core points to crosslink the polymer molecular chains to form a stable three-dimensional structure, the temperature resistance of nano composite fracturing fluids is about 120 °C. Therefore, high-temperature resistant crosslinkers with higher crosslinking efficiency, and synthetic polymers with better ultra-high temperature stability and lower cost from the perspective of molecular structure design for polymers need to be vigorously developed, aimed at catering to the trend of oil and gas resources development in the future.

作为增稠剂的水溶性聚合物是耐高温压裂液的重要组成部分。随着油气勘探开发向深部非常规油藏的拓展，对聚合物基压裂液的性能提出了更高要求。根据聚合物的种类，聚合物基压裂液可分为生物聚合物、合成聚合物和复合体系（包括增效共混物和纳米复合物）。详细讨论了不同聚合物类型的结构和耐高温机理之间的关系。结果表明，瓜尔胶链通过氢键高分子量、广泛的分子间缔合在水溶液中和耐高温添加剂（有机金属交联剂和凝胶稳定剂）的使用使生物聚合物能够抵抗150°C以下的高温环境。以高键能的C-C共价键连接的主链结构，功能性侧链基团（亲水基团、交联基团、刚性基团和疏水基团）和耐高温添加剂（有机金属交联剂和凝胶稳定剂）使合成聚合物耐温高达 240 °C。基于分子间的非共价相互作用（如疏水缔合、氢键、静电引力等），协同共混体系的温度耐受范围为110-150°C。依靠以纳米材料为核心点交联聚合物分子链形成稳定的三维结构，纳米复合压裂液的耐温约为120℃。因此，从聚合物分子结构设计的角度，需要大力开发具有更高交联效率的耐高温交联剂，以及具有更好的超高温稳定性和成本更低的合成聚合物，以迎合油气发展的趋势。未来资源开发。