Despite the incredible progress made, the highest efficiency perovskite solar cells are still restricted to small areas (<1 cm²). In large part, this stems from a poor understanding of the widespread spatial heterogeneity in devices. Conventional techniques to assess heterogeneities can be time consuming, operate only at microscopic length scales, and demand specialized equipment. We overcome these limitations by using luminescence imaging to reveal large, millimeter-scale heterogeneities in the inferred electronic properties. We determine spatially resolved maps of “charge collection quality”, measured using the ratio of photoluminescence intensity at open and short circuit. We apply these methods to quantify the inhomogeneities introduced by a wide range of transport layers, thereby ranking them by suitability for upscaling. We reveal that top-contacting transport layers are the dominant source of heterogeneity in the multilayer material stack. We suggest that this methodology can be used to accelerate the development of highly efficient, large-area modules, especially through high-throughput experimentation.

中文翻译：

---

可视化钙钛矿太阳能电池中的宏观不均匀性

尽管取得了令人难以置信的进步，但最高效率的钙钛矿太阳能电池仍局限于小区域（<1 cm ²）。在很大程度上，这源于对设备中广泛存在的空间异质性的理解不足。评估异质性的传统技术可能非常耗时，只能在微观长度范围内操作，并且需要专门的设备。我们通过使用发光成像来揭示推断的电子特性中的大的毫米级异质性来克服这些限制。我们确定了“电荷收集质量”的空间分辨图，使用开路和短路时的光致发光强度比来测量。我们应用这些方法来量化由各种传输层引入的不均匀性，从而根据升级的适用性对它们进行排名。我们揭示了顶部接触传输层是多层材料堆叠中异质性的主要来源。