This study investigated the effects of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical properties of pyrolyzed hydrochars (PHCs) and H₂O₂-catalyzed tetracycline (TC) degradation in a combined treatment with PHC and Cu_xO@PHCs. The effects of pH on TC degradation by Cu_xO@PHCs were also evaluated in the presence of H₂O₂ and compared with that by Cu_xO@GAC. To analyze their physicochemical changes due to the oxidant, the carbocatalysts were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. To sustain its cost-effectiveness, spent Cu_xO@PHC700 was regenerated using NaOH. Based on the characterization results, increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 300 to 700 °C enlarged their specific surface area and pore volume. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the Cu anchored in the carbocatalyst existed as Cu₂O/CuO. The H₂O₂-catalyzed degradation by Cu_xO@PHC700 (0.231 min^–1) was faster than that by Cu_xO@PHC500 (0.107 min^–1), Cu_xO@PHC300 (0.013 min^–1), and Cu_xO@GAC (0.041 min^–1) (p ≤ 0.05; analysis of variance (ANOVA)). The maximum TC removal was achieved by Cu_xO@PHC700 at pH 6 due to the H-bonding and Cu-bridging effects between the Cu-loaded carbocatalyst and TC molecules in solutions. Treated effluents could meet the maximum discharge limit standard of 1 mg/L set by the local legislation. After the first regeneration, the spent Cu_xO@PHC700 could attain about 96% of TC degradation. This implies that the saturated carbocatalyst still had promising catalytic activity for reuse. Overall, Cu_xO@PHC is a cost-effective option for TC removal from contaminated water.

中文翻译：

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CuxO 锚定的热解水炭对 H2O2 活化四环素降解的作用：热解温度和 pH 值的影响

_{本研究调查了热解温度对 PHC 和 Cu x} O@PHCs联合处理中热解水炭 (PHCs) 和 H ₂ O _{2催化四环素 (TC) 降解的物理化学性质的影响。还在 H 2} O ₂存在下评估了 pH 对 Cu _x O@PHCs降解 TC 的影响，并与 Cu _x O@GAC 进行了比较。为了分析氧化剂引起的物理化学变化，使用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、X 射线衍射 (XRD)、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) 分析和傅里叶变换红外 (FTIR) 光谱对碳催化剂进行了表征。为了维持其成本效益，废铜_x O@PHC700 使用 NaOH 再生。根据表征结果，将热解温度从 300°C 提高到 700°C 会增大它们的比表面积和孔体积。X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明，锚定在碳催化剂中的Cu以Cu ₂ O/CuO的形式存在。_{Cu x} O@PHC700 (0.231 min ^–1 )催化的 H ₂ O ₂降解速度快于 Cu _x O@PHC500 (0.107 min ^–1 )、Cu _x O@PHC300 (0.013 min ^–1 ) 和Cu _x O@GAC (0.041 min ^–1 ) ( p≤ 0.05；方差分析（ANOVA））。_{由于负载铜的碳催化剂和溶液中的 TC 分子之间的氢键和铜桥效应，Cu x} O@PHC700 在 pH 6时实现了最大的 TC 去除。处理后的污水可达到当地立法规定的最高排放限值标准 1 mg/L。在第一次再生后，用过的 Cu _x O@PHC700 可以达到约 96% 的 TC 降解。这意味着饱和碳催化剂仍然具有可重复使用的有希望的催化活性。总体而言，Cu _x O@PHC 是一种从污染水中去除 TC 的经济有效的选择。