The predisposition to engage in autonomous habitual behaviors has been associated with behavioral disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction. Attentional set-shifting tasks (ASSTs), which incorporate changes governing the association of discriminative stimuli with contingent reinforcement, are commonly used to measure underlying processes of cognitive/behavioral flexibility. The purpose of this study was to identify primate brain networks that mediate trait-like deficits in ASST performance using resting-state fMRI. A self-pacing ASST was administered to three cohorts of rhesus monkeys (total n = 35, 18 female). Increased performance over 30 consecutive sessions segregated the monkeys into two populations, termed High Performers (HP, n = 17) and Low Performers (LP, n = 17), with one anomaly. Compared with LPs, HPs had higher rates of improving performance over sessions and completed the 8 sets/sessions with fewer errors. LP monkeys, on the other hand, spent most of each session in the first set and often did not acquire the first reversal. A whole-brain independent components analysis of resting-state fMRI under isoflurane identified four strong networks. Of these, a dual regression analysis revealed that a designated "executive control network," differed between HPs and LPs. Specific areas of connectivity in the rhesus executive control network, including frontal cortices (ventrolateral, ventromedial, and orbital) and the dorsal striatum (caudate, putamen) correlated with perseverative errors and response latency. Overall, the results identify trait-like characteristics of behavioral flexibility that are associated with correlated brain activity involving specific nuclei of frontostriatal networks.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Resting state functional connectivity MRI in rhesus monkeys identified specific nuclei in frontostriatal circuitry that were associated with population differences in perseverative and impulsive aspects of cognitive flexibility.

从事自主习惯性行为的倾向与行为障碍有关，例如强迫症和成瘾。注意力转移任务 (ASST) 包含了控制判别刺激与条件强化关联的变化，通常用于测量认知/行为灵活性的潜在过程。本研究的目的是确定使用静息状态 fMRI 介导 ASST 表现中的特征样缺陷的灵长类动物大脑网络。对三组恒河猴（总共n = 35，18 只雌性）进行了自定进度 ASST。连续 30 次提高性能将猴子分为两个群体，称为高绩效者（HP，n= 17) 和低绩效者 (LP, n= 17），有一个异常。与 LP 相比，HP 在会话中的性能提升率更高，完成 8 组/会话的错误更少。另一方面，LP 猴子在第一组中的大部分时间都在每个会话中度过，并且通常没有获得第一次反转。异氟醚下静息状态 fMRI 的全脑独立成分分析确定了四个强大的网络。其中，对偶回归分析显示，指定的“执行控制网络”在 HP 和 LP 之间存在差异。恒河猴执行控制网络中的特定连接区域，包括额叶皮层（腹外侧、腹内侧和眼眶）和背侧纹状体（尾状核、壳核）与持续错误和反应延迟相关。全面的，

意义声明恒河猴的静息状态功能连接 MRI 确定了额纹状体回路中的特定核，这些核与认知灵活性的持久性和冲动性方面的人口差异相关。