Under harsh Pleistocene climates, migration and other forms of seasonally patterned landscape use were likely critical for reproductive success of mastodons (Mammut americanum) and other megafauna. However, little is known about how their geographic ranges and mobility fluctuated seasonally or changed with sexual maturity. We used a spatially explicit movement model that coupled strontium and oxygen isotopes from two serially sampled intervals (5+ adolescent years and 3+ adult years) in a male mastodon tusk to test for changes in landscape use associated with maturation and reproductive phenology. The mastodon's early adolescent home range was geographically restricted, with no evidence of seasonal preferences. Following inferred separation from the matriarchal herd (starting age 12 y), the adolescent male's mobility increased as landscape use expanded away from his natal home range (likely central Indiana). As an adult, the mastodon's monthly movements increased further. Landscape use also became seasonally structured, with some areas, including northeast Indiana, used only during the inferred mastodon mating season (spring/summer). The mastodon died in this area (>150 km from his core, nonsummer range) after sustaining a craniofacial injury consistent with a fatal blow from a competing male's tusk during a battle over access to mates. Northeast Indiana was likely a preferred mating area for this individual and may have been regionally significant for late Pleistocene mastodons. Similarities between mammutids and elephantids in herd structure, tusk dimorphism, tusk function, and the geographic component of male maturation indicate that these traits were likely inherited from a common ancestor.

中文翻译：

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雄性乳齿象的景观用途随着成熟而改变（晚更新世，北美）。

在恶劣的更新世气候下，迁徙和其他形式的季节性景观利用可能对乳齿象（美洲猛犸象）和其他巨型动物的繁殖成功至关重要。然而，人们对它们的地理范围和流动性如何随季节波动或随着性成熟而变化知之甚少。我们使用了一个空间显式运动模型，该模型将来自雄性乳齿象牙中两个连续采样间隔（5+ 青少年年和 3+ 成年年）的锶和氧同位素耦合，以测试与成熟和生殖物候学相关的景观利用变化。乳齿象早期的青少年家庭范围受到地理限制，没有季节性偏好的证据。在推断与母系牛群分离后（从 12 岁开始），青春期男性' 随着景观用途从他的家乡范围（可能是印第安纳州中部）扩大，他的流动性增加了。成年后，乳齿象每月的活动量进一步增加。景观使用也成为季节性结构，包括印第安纳州东北部在内的一些地区仅在推断的乳齿象交配季节（春季/夏季）期间使用。乳齿象在该地区（距其核心、非夏季活动范围 > 150 公里）死于颅面损伤，这与在争夺配偶的战斗中来自竞争的雄性长牙的致命打击一致。印第安纳州东北部可能是该个体的首选交配区，并且可能对晚更新世乳齿象具有区域意义。猛犸象科动物和象科动物在群体结构、象牙二态性、象牙功能、