Pesticides play an important role in pest control. However, they can be limited due to low utilization efficiency, causing substantial losses to the environment and ecological damage. Nanotechnology is an active area of research regarding encapsulation of pesticides for sustainable pest control. Here, we developed intelligent formulations of avermectin (Av) quaternary ammonium chitosan surfactant (QACS) nanocapsules (i.e., Av–Th@QACS) with on-demand controlled release properties, toward ambient temperature and maximal synergistic biological activity of Av and QACS. The Av–Th@QACS regulated the quantity of pesticide release in accordance with the ambient temperature changes and, insofar as this release is a means of responding to variations in pest populations, maximized the synergistic activity. In addition, the Av–Th@QACS were highly adhesive to crop leaves as a result of the prolonged retention time on the crop leaves. Therefore, Av–Th@QACS exhibited greater control against aphids at 35 °C than at 15 and 25 °C. Compared with commercial formulations, Av–Th@QACS was more toxic at 35 °C and less toxic at 15 °C. Thus, researchers can apply Av–Th@QACS as intelligent nanopesticides with an on-demand, controlled release and synergistic biological activity and, in so doing, prolong pesticide duration and improve the utilization efficiency.

中文翻译：

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具有按需控制农药释放和最大协同生物活性的热响应季铵壳聚糖纳米胶囊

农药在害虫防治中发挥着重要作用。然而，由于利用效率低，它们可能受到限制，对环境造成重大损失和生态破坏。纳米技术是关于农药封装以实现可持续害虫控制的一个活跃研究领域。在这里，我们开发了阿维菌素 (Av) 季铵壳聚糖表面活性剂 (QACS) 纳米胶囊的智能配方（即, Av–Th@QACS) 具有按需控释特性，朝向环境温度和 Av 和 QACS 的最大协同生物活性。Av-Th@QACS 根据环境温度变化调节农药释放量，并且只要这种释放是对害虫种群变化作出反应的一种方式，就可以最大限度地发挥协同作用。此外，由于延长了在作物叶片上的保留时间，Av-Th@QACS 对作物叶片具有高度粘附性。因此，Av-Th@QACS 在 35 °C 时对蚜虫的控制比在 15 和 25 °C 时更强。与商业制剂相比，Av-Th@QACS 在 35 °C 时毒性更大，在 15 °C 时毒性更小。因此，研究人员可以将 Av-Th@QACS 用作具有按需、控释和协同生物活性的智能纳米农药，并且，