Rainfed winter wheat grown in rice paddy suffers from a relatively low yield and severe nitrogen (N) losses. Reduction in N application and/or single use of controlled release N fertilizer (CRNF) have been proposed to address these challenges. A new CRNF, known as nano-Fe^III-tannic acid-modified waterborne polymer-coated urea (NWU), has the ability to avoid initial quick release and prolong N availability, which is assumed to synchronize with winter wheat N uptake. Here, we conducted a field experiment spanning three wheat growing seasons to examine the efficacy of single application of NWU on grain yield, N uptake, N use efficiency (NUE), reactive nitrogen (Nr) losses, and net ecosystem economic benefit (NEEB) under two N application rates (160 and 240 kg ha⁻¹). Basal application of NWU increased grain yield by 15.7 %, NUE by 51.1 % and NEEB by 45.1 %, while reducing Nr losses by 35.7 % compared to three-split applications of urea at 240 kg ha⁻¹. Moreover, single application of NWU with a reduced N rate by one-third could even maintain high grain yield and NEEB comparable to that of conventional N practices, meanwhile reducing Nr losses by 58.8 %. Single application of NWU can address high yield and environmental protection simultaneously for wheat grown in paddy soil.

种植在稻田中的雨养冬小麦产量相对较低，氮 (N) 损失严重。已经提出减少施氮量和/或单次使用控释氮肥 (CRNF) 来应对这些挑战。一种新的 CRNF，称为纳米 Fe ^III -单宁酸改性的水性聚合物涂层尿素 (NWU)，具有避免初始快速释放和延长 N 可用性的能力，这被认为与冬小麦 N 吸收同步。在这里，我们进行了一项跨越三个小麦生长季节的田间试验，以检验单次施用 NWU 对粮食产量、氮吸收、氮利用效率 (NUE)、活性氮 (Nr) 损失和净生态系统经济效益 (NEEB) 的影响在两种 N 施用率下（160 和 240 kg ha ^-1）。^{与 240 kg ha -1}尿素的三次施用相比，NWU 的基础施用增加了 15.7%、NUE 增加 51.1% 和 NEEB 增加 45.1%，同时减少了 Nr 损失 35.7% 。此外，单次施用 NWU 并降低三分之一的施氮量甚至可以保持与传统施氮方法相当的高粮食产量和 NEEB，同时减少 58.8% 的 Nr 损失。单施 NWU 可以同时解决稻田小麦的高产和环保问题。