As one of the potential alternatives to current lithium-ion batteries, sodium-based energy storage technologies including sodium batteries and capacitors are widely attracting increasing attention from both industry and academia. However, the performance and sustainability of current sodium-based energy storage devices mostly rely on various critical materials and traditional energy-consuming fabrication processes. Meanwhile, the detailed working mechanisms of some sodium-based energy storage technologies are still under debate. Hence, how to realize low-cost, sustainable, and high-performance sodium-based energy storage technologies remains challenging from the perspective of theoretical studies, material diversification, and device optimization. In this review, the development state of sodium-based energy storage technologies from research background to principles is comprehensively discussed, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of state-of-the-art sodium-based energy storage devices are systematically analyzed, thus providing critical insight into the challenges and opportunities for emerging sodium-based energy storage technologies to achieve not only improved performance, but also enhanced sustainability.

中文翻译：

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迈向新兴的钠基储能技术：从性能到可持续性

作为当前锂离子电池的潜在替代品之一，包括钠电池和电容器在内的钠基储能技术越来越受到工业界和学术界的关注。然而，目前钠基储能装置的性能和可持续性主要依赖于各种关键材料和传统的耗能制造工艺。同时，一些钠基储能技术的详细工作机制仍在争论中。因此，如何实现低成本、可持续和高性能的钠基储能技术从理论研究、材料多样化和器件优化的角度来看仍然具有挑战性。在本次审查中，