Abstract. The changing Arctic climate is creating increased economic, transportation, and recreational activities requiring reliable and relevant weather information. However, the Canadian Arctic is sparsely observed and processes governing weather systems in the Arctic are not well understood. There is a recognized lack of meteorological data to characterize the Arctic atmosphere for operational forecasting and to support process studies, satellite calibration/validation, search and rescue operations (which are increasing in the region), high impact weather (HIW) detection and prediction, and numerical weather prediction (NWP) model verification and evaluation. To address this need, Environment and Climate Change Canada commissioned two supersites; one in Iqaluit (63.74° N, 68.51° W) in September 2015 and the other in Whitehorse (60.71° N, 135.07° W) in November 2017 as part of the Canadian Arctic Weather Science (CAWS) project. The primary goals of CAWS are to provide enhanced meteorological observations in the Canadian Arctic for HIW nowcasting (short-range forecast) and NWP model verification, evaluation, and process studies, and to provide recommendations on the optimal cost-effective observing system for the Canadian Arctic. Both sites are in Provincial/Territorial capitals and are economic hubs for the region; they also act as transportation gateways to the North and are in the path of several common Arctic storm tracks. The supersites are located at or next to major airports and existing Meteorological Service of Canada ground-based weather stations that provide standard meteorological surface observations and upper air radiosonde observations; they are also uniquely situated in close proximity to frequent overpasses by polar-orbiting satellites. The suite of in-situ and remote sensing instruments at each site are completely automated (no on-site operator) and operate continuously in all weather conditions, providing near-real time data to operational weather forecasters, the public, and researchers via obrs.ca. The two sites have similar instruments, including mobile Doppler weather radars, multiple vertically-profiling and/or scanning lidars (Doppler, ceilometer, water vapour), optical disdrometers, precipitation gauges in different shielded configurations, present weather sensors, fog monitoring devices, radiation flux sensors, and other meteorological instruments. Details on the two supersites, the suites of instruments deployed, data collection methods, and example case studies of HIW events are discussed. CAWS data are publically accessible via the Canadian Government Open Data Portal (https://doi.org/10.18164/ff771396-b22c-4bc3-844d-38fc697049e9 (Mariani et al., 2022a) and https://doi.org/10.18164/d92ed3cf-4ba0-4473-beec-357ec45b0e78 (Mariani et al., 2022b)); this dataset is being used to improve our understanding of synoptic and fine-scale meteorological processes in the Arctic and sub-Arctic, including HIW detection and prediction and NWP verification, assimilation, and processes.

中文翻译：

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增强加拿大北极天气科学 (CAWS) 超级站点的自动化气象观测

摘要。不断变化的北极气候正在创造更多的经济、交通和娱乐活动，需要可靠和相关的天气信息。然而，加拿大北极地区的观测稀少，北极天气系统的控制过程也不是很清楚。公认缺乏气象数据来表征北极大气以进行业务预测和支持过程研究、卫星校准/验证、搜索和救援行动（该地区正在增加）、高影响天气（HIW）探测和预测，和数值天气预报（NWP）模式验证和评估。为了满足这一需求，加拿大环境和气候变化部委托了两个超级网站；一个在 2015 年 9 月在伊魁特（63.74° N，68.51° W），另一个在怀特霍斯（60.71° N，135. 07° W) 于 2017 年 11 月作为加拿大北极天气科学 (CAWS) 项目的一部分。CAWS 的主要目标是为加拿大北极地区的 HIW 临近预报（短期预报）和 NWP 模式验证、评估和过程研究提供增强的气象观测，并为加拿大提供最佳成本效益观测系统的建议。北极。这两个地点都位于省/地区首府，是该地区的经济中心；它们还充当通往北方的交通门户，并且位于几个常见的北极风暴轨道的路径上。超级站点位于主要机场或加拿大气象局现有地面气象站附近，提供标准气象地面观测和高空无线电探空观测；它们还独特地位于极地轨道卫星频繁的立交桥附近。每个站点的现场和遥感仪器套件是完全自动化的（无需现场操作员），并在所有天气条件下连续运行，通过 obrs 向业务天气预报员、公众和研究人员提供近实时数据。约 这两个站点有类似的仪器，包括移动多普勒天气雷达、多个垂直剖面和/或扫描激光雷达（多普勒、云高仪、水汽）、光学位移计、不同屏蔽配置的降水计、当前天气传感器、雾监测设备、辐射通量传感器和其他气象仪器。两个超级站点的详细信息，部署的仪器套件，数据收集方法，并讨论了 HIW 事件的示例案例研究。CAWS 数据可通过加拿大政府开放数据门户 (https://doi.org/10.18164/ff771396-b22c-4bc3-844d-38fc697049e9 (Mariani et al., 2022a) 和 https://doi.org/10.18164 /d92ed3cf-4ba0-4473-beec-357ec45b0e78（Mariani 等人，2022b））；该数据集用于提高我们对北极和亚北极地区天气和精细气象过程的理解，包括高强度地震探测和预测以及 NWP 验证、同化和过程。