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Computational and behavioral markers of model-based decision making in childhood
Developmental Science ( IF 4.939 ) Pub Date : 2022-06-11 , DOI: 10.1111/desc.13295
Claire R Smid 1 , Wouter Kool 2 , Tobias U Hauser 3, 4 , Nikolaus Steinbeis 1
Affiliation  

Human decision-making is underpinned by distinct systems that differ in flexibility and associated cognitive cost. A widely accepted dichotomy distinguishes between a cheap but rigid model-free system and a flexible but costly model-based system. Typically, humans use a hybrid of both types of decision-making depending on environmental demands. However, children's use of a model-based system during decision-making has not yet been shown. While prior developmental work has identified simple building blocks of model-based reasoning in young children (1–4 years old), there has been little evidence of this complex cognitive system influencing behavior before adolescence. Here, by using a modified task to make engagement in cognitively costly strategies more rewarding, we show that children aged 5–11-years (N = 85), including the youngest children, displayed multiple indicators of model-based decision making, and that the degree of its use increased throughout childhood. Unlike adults (N = 24), however, children did not display adaptive arbitration between model-free and model-based decision-making. Our results demonstrate that throughout childhood, children can engage in highly sophisticated and costly decision-making strategies. However, the flexible arbitration between decision-making strategies might be a critically late-developing component in human development.

中文翻译:

儿童时期基于模型的决策的计算和行为标记

人类决策由不同的系统支撑,这些系统在灵活性和相关认知成本方面存在差异。一种被广泛接受的二分法区分了廉价但严格的无模型系统和灵活但昂贵的基于模型的系统。通常,人类会根据环境需求混合使用两种类型的决策。然而,尚未显示儿童在决策过程中使用基于模型的系统。虽然之前的发展工作已经确定了幼儿(1-4 岁)基于模型的推理的简单构建块,但几乎没有证据表明这种复杂的认知系统会影响青春期前的行为。在这里,通过使用修改后的任务使参与认知成本高的策略更有价值,我们表明 5-11 岁的儿童 ( N = 85),包括最小的孩子,显示了基于模型的决策的多个指标,并且其使用程度在整个童年时期都在增加。然而,与成人(N  = 24)不同,儿童没有在无模型决策和基于模型的决策之间表现出适应性仲裁。我们的结果表明,在整个童年时期,儿童都可以参与高度复杂且代价高昂的决策制定策略。然而,决策策略之间的灵活仲裁可能是人类发展中一个关键的后期发展组成部分。
更新日期:2022-06-11
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