To reconstruct changes in vegetation, temperature, and sediment geochemistry through the last 6.5 cal ka BP, in the Subcarpathian belt of the Eastern Carpathians (Romania), pollen, branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) and X-ray fluorescence analyses have been integrated. Pollen and brGDGTs (a bacterial lipid biomarker proxy) are used as paleothermometers for reconstructing the mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and mean temperature above freezing (MAF), respectively. Both proxies show roughly consistent records. The highest MAAT and MAF occurs during the oldest part of the record (from 6.5 to 4.2 cal ka BP), and the Middle to the Late Holocene shift is marked by a prominent decrease in temperature between 5.4 and 4.2 cal ka BP, coinciding with Bond event 4 and 3. This transition is coeval with a decrease in summer insolation, shift from consistent NAO- conditions to a predominance of NAO+ phase and coincides with the beginning of the Neoglacial cooling in northern latitudes. The warm bias in the MAF reconstruction during the Late Holocene is explained as a change in the lipid provenance or in the composition of the brGDGT producers after 4.2 cal ka BP.

为了重建过去 6.5 cal ka BP 中植被、温度和沉积物地球化学的变化，在东喀尔巴阡山脉（罗马尼亚）的亚喀尔巴阡带，花粉、支链甘油二烷基甘油四醚 (brGDGTs) 和 X 射线荧光分析已被整合. 花粉和 brGDGT（一种细菌脂质生物标志物代理）被用作古温度计，分别用于重建年平均气温 (MAAT) 和冰点以上平均温度 (MAF)。两个代理都显示大致一致的记录。最高的 MAAT 和 MAF 发生在记录的最古老部分（从 6.5 到 4.2 cal ka BP），并且全新世中期到晚全新世转变的特点是温度在 5.4 和 4.2 cal ka BP 之间显着下降，与 Bond事件 4 和 3。这种转变与夏季日照减少同时发生，从一致的 NAO- 条件转变为 NAO+ 阶段的优势，并且与北纬新冰期冷却的开始相吻合。晚全新世期间 MAF 重建中的暖偏差被解释为 4.2 cal ka BP 后脂质来源或 brGDGT 生产者组成的变化。