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Nonequilibrium statistical thermodynamics of multicomponent interfaces
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ( IF 11.1 ) Pub Date : 2022-06-08 , DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121405119
Phillip M Rauscher 1 , Hans Christian Öttinger 2 , Juan J de Pablo 1, 3, 4
Affiliation  

Nonequilibrium interfacial thermodynamics has important implications for crucial biological, physical, and industrial-scale transport processes. Here, we discuss a theory of local equilibrium for multiphase multicomponent interfaces that builds upon the “sharp” interface concept first introduced by Gibbs, allowing for a description of nonequilibrium interfacial processes such as those arising in evaporation, condensation, adsorption, etc. By requiring that the thermodynamics be insensitive to the precise location of the dividing surface, one can identify conditions for local equilibrium and develop methods for measuring the values of intensive variables at the interface. We then use extensive, high-precision nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations to verify the theory and establish the validity of the local equilibrium hypothesis. In particular, we demonstrate that equilibrium equations of state are also valid out of equilibrium, and can be used to determine interfacial temperature and chemical potential(s) that are consistent with nonequilibrium generalizations of the Clapeyron and Gibbs adsorption equations. We also show, for example, that, far from equilibrium, temperature or chemical potential differences need not be uniform across an interface and may instead exhibit pronounced discontinuities. However, even in these circumstances, we demonstrate that the local equilibrium hypothesis and its implications remain valid. These results provide a thermodynamic foundation and computational tools for studying or revisiting a wide variety of interfacial transport phenomena.

中文翻译:

多组分界面的非平衡态统计热力学

非平衡界面热力学对关键的生物、物理和工业规模的传输过程具有重要意义。在这里,我们讨论了多相多组分界面的局部平衡理论,该理论建立在 Gibbs 首次引入的“尖锐”界面概念的基础上,允许描述非平衡界面过程,例如在蒸发、冷凝、吸附等过程中出现的过程。通过要求由于热力学对分界面的精确位置不敏感,因此可以确定局部平衡的条件并开发用于测量界面处强度变量值的方法。然后,我们使用广泛、高精度的非平衡分子动力学 (NEMD) 模拟来验证理论并建立局部平衡假设的有效性。特别是,我们证明了平衡状态方程在非平衡状态下也有效,并且可用于确定与 Clapeyron 和 Gibbs 吸附方程的非平衡推广相一致的界面温度和化学势。例如,我们还表明,在远离平衡的情况下,温度或化学势差在界面上不需要均匀,反而可能表现出明显的不连续性。然而,即使在这些情况下,我们也证明局部均衡假设及其含义仍然有效。这些结果为研究或重新审视各种界面传输现象提供了热力学基础和计算工具。并且可用于确定与 Clapeyron 和 Gibbs 吸附方程的非平衡推广一致的界面温度和化学势。例如,我们还表明,在远离平衡的情况下,温度或化学势差在界面上不需要均匀,反而可能表现出明显的不连续性。然而,即使在这些情况下,我们也证明局部均衡假设及其含义仍然有效。这些结果为研究或重新审视各种界面传输现象提供了热力学基础和计算工具。并且可用于确定与 Clapeyron 和 Gibbs 吸附方程的非平衡推广一致的界面温度和化学势。例如,我们还表明,在远离平衡的情况下,温度或化学势差在界面上不需要均匀,反而可能表现出明显的不连续性。然而,即使在这些情况下,我们也证明局部均衡假设及其含义仍然有效。这些结果为研究或重新审视各种界面传输现象提供了热力学基础和计算工具。远离平衡,温度或化学势差在界面上不一定是均匀的,而是可能表现出明显的不连续性。然而,即使在这些情况下,我们也证明局部均衡假设及其含义仍然有效。这些结果为研究或重新审视各种界面传输现象提供了热力学基础和计算工具。远离平衡,温度或化学势差在界面上不一定是均匀的,而是可能表现出明显的不连续性。然而,即使在这些情况下,我们也证明局部均衡假设及其含义仍然有效。这些结果为研究或重新审视各种界面传输现象提供了热力学基础和计算工具。
更新日期:2022-06-08
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