Given the worldwide epidemic of diet-related chronic diseases, evidence-based dietary recommendations are fundamentally important for health promotion. Despite the importance of the human gut microbiota for the physiological effects of diet and chronic disease etiology, national dietary guidelines around the world are just beginning to capitalize on scientific breakthroughs in the microbiome field. In this review, we discuss contemporary nutritional recommendations from a microbiome science perspective, focusing on mechanistic evidence that established host-microbe interactions as mediators of the physiological effects of diet. We apply this knowledge to inform discussions of nutrition controversies, advance innovative dietary strategies, and propose an experimental framework that integrates the microbiome into nutrition research. The congruence of key paradigms in the nutrition and microbiome disciplines validates current recommendations in dietary guidelines, and the systematic incorporation of microbiome science into nutrition research has the potential to further improve and innovate healthy eating.

鉴于与饮食相关的慢性疾病在全球范围内流行，基于证据的饮食建议对于促进健康至关重要。尽管人类肠道微生物群对饮食的生理效应和慢性病病因很重要，但世界各地的国家饮食指南才刚刚开始利用微生物组领域的科学突破。在这篇综述中，我们从微生物组科学的角度讨论了当代营养建议，重点关注建立宿主-微生物相互作用作为饮食生理效应中介的机制证据。我们将这些知识应用于营养争议的讨论，推进创新的饮食策略，并提出一个将微生物组整合到营养研究中的实验框架。