that appears in the internalist idiom’ (p. 245) is refuted by his own example. In addition, the externalist reading is also open to the charge that it renders space empirical, and thereby undermines the necessity of the axioms of geometry: ‘if all the properties of space are merely borrowed by experience from outer relations, then there would only be a comparative universality to be found in the axioms of geometry, a universality : : : [that] extends no further than observation’ (ID, 2: 404). The necessity of geometry is, in fact, one of the key motivations that Kant cites for his new subjectivist approach, a factor that is completely eliminated under an externalist construal. Since ‘nothing at all can be given to the senses unless it conforms with the fundamental axioms of space and its corollaries (as geometry teaches), whatever can be given to the senses will necessarily accord with these axioms even though their principle is only subjective’ (ID, 2: 404). In essence, the three-dimensional Euclidean space of the geometers, which the earlier Newtonian absolutists conceive in externalist fashion as some sort of entity, has been internalized as a cognitive feature by Kant, a manoeuvre that secures the axioms of geometry in the same way as the absolutists but absent their ontology. Consequently, while Rukgaber’s book presents an interesting exercise, his externalist exegesis simply cannot be superimposed on the original texts – an interpretational ‘incongruent counterpart’ to Kant, as it were, whose misdirected orientation can only be determined with respect to the unity of the space of Kantian scholarship.

中文翻译：

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Katalin Makkai，康德的品味批判：剑桥生活的感觉：剑桥大学出版社，2021 Pp。viii + 219 ISBN 9781108497794 (hbk) $99.99

出现在“内在主义习语”（第 245 页）中的那句话被他自己的例子驳斥了。此外，外在主义解读也对它使空间经验化的指控持开放态度，从而削弱了几何公理的必要性：“如果空间的所有属性都只是从外部关系中借用经验，那么只有在几何公理中可以找到一种比较普遍性，一种普遍性: : : [那] 只延伸到观察”（ID, 2: 404）。事实上，几何的必要性是康德为他的新主观主义方法所引用的关键动机之一，在外部主义解释下完全消除了这一因素。因为“除非它符合空间的基本公理及其推论（如几何学所教导的那样），否则任何东西都不能给予感官，任何可以给予感官的东西都必然符合这些公理，即使它们的原则只是主观的”（ID，2：404）。本质上，几何学的三维欧几里得空间，早期的牛顿绝对主义者以外部主义方式将其视为某种实体，已被康德内化为认知特征，以同样的方式确保几何公理作为绝对主义者，但没有他们的本体论。因此，尽管鲁卡贝尔的书提供了一个有趣的练习，但他的外部主义解释根本不能叠加在原始文本上——就像康德的解释“不一致的对应物”，康德的错误方向只能根据空间的统一性来确定康德奖学金。