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The Post-war Refugee Problem and Its Repercussions for 2015
Journal of Modern European History ( IF 0.214 ) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 , DOI: 10.1177/16118944221077424
G. Daniel Cohen 1
Affiliation  

Since its outbreak in 2015, the so-called ‘Syrian’ refugee crisis has been routinely dubbed by the media the worst instance of mass displacement in Europe since the end of World War II. Although violence in former Yugoslavia in the 1990s had already brought back scenes of war refugees to the continent, this comparison is not devoid of merits. The scale of population movements following the collapse of the Third Reich in May 1945 was certainly far superior to the approximately one million refugees who in 2015 reached southern Europe or the Balkans while on their way to Germany or other host countries. Furthermore, a large proportion of post-war refugees comprised millions of ethnic German expellees who had been forcibly evicted from East-Central Europe and who were not merely fleeing war—in this case the eastward advance of the Red Army. Rapidly, however, the so-called ‘last million’ of unrepatriable displaced persons (DPs) languishing in camps in occupied Germany and Austria formed the bulk of Europe’s displacement crisis, a number that is equivalent to the one million Syrians, Afghans, Eritreans and Iraqis who crossed the Mediterranean in recent years. The ‘DPs’, wrote Hannah Arendt in 1949, exemplified the ‘emergence of an entirely new category of human beings [...] who do not possess citizenship.’ Seven decades later, the ‘migrants’ of today once again put on display the spectacle of statelessness in the heart of Europe. A key difference between these two moments, however, is that between 1945 and the early 1950s ‘Europe on the move’ remained an intra-continental phenomenon. Regrouped in the former territory of the Third Reich, Jewish survivors and anti-communist Poles, Ukrainians and Balts indeed all originated from Eastern Europe. The victims of Hitler and Stalin predominantly emigrated to Palestine/Israel, the United States, Canada or Australia. However, despite their resettlement out of the continent, the administration of the DPs between 1945 and 1951 paved the way for the Europeanization of the international refugee regime. When the Conference of Plenipotentiaries representing 26 nations adopted the UN Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees on July 25, 1951, human rights law acknowledged the exemplarity of the European case. Although the convention attached the universal concept of ‘fear of persecution’ to the granting of political asylum, it nonetheless bound the condition of acquiring the status of asylum seeker to Europe’s geography and history. The definition of refugees as victims of

中文翻译:

战后难民问题及其对 2015 年的影响

自 2015 年爆发以来,所谓的“叙利亚”难民危机经常被媒体称为二战结束以来欧洲最严重的大规模流离失所事件。尽管 1990 年代前南斯拉夫的暴力事件已经将战争难民的场景带回了该大陆,但这种比较并非没有优点。1945 年 5 月第三帝国崩溃后的人口流动规模肯定远远优于 2015 年在前往德国或其他东道国途中到达南欧或巴尔干半岛的大约 100 万难民。此外,战后难民的很大一部分包括数百万被驱逐出东中欧的德国人,他们不仅仅是为了逃离战争——在这种情况下是红军东进。迅速,然而,在被占领的德国和奥地利的难民营中苦苦挣扎的所谓“最后一百万”无法遣返的流离失所者 (DPs) 构成了欧洲流离失所危机的主体,这一数字相当于 100 万叙利亚人、阿富汗人、厄立特里亚人和伊拉克人近年来穿越地中海。汉娜·阿伦特 (Hannah Arendt) 在 1949 年写道,“DPs”体现了“一种全新的人类类别的出现 [...],他们没有公民身份。” 七十年后,今天的“移民”再次展示了欧洲心脏地带的无国籍状态。然而,这两个时刻之间的主要区别在于,在 1945 年至 1950 年代初期,“移动中的欧洲”仍然是一种大陆内现象。在第三帝国的前领土重新集结,犹太幸存者和反共波兰人,乌克兰人和波罗特人确实都起源于东欧。希特勒和斯大林的受害者主要移民到巴勒斯坦/以色列、美国、加拿大或澳大利亚。然而,尽管他们被重新安置在欧洲大陆之外,但 1945 年至 1951 年间对难民的管理为国际难民制度的欧洲化铺平了道路。1951 年 7 月 25 日,代表 26 个国家的全权代表会议通过了《联合国日内瓦难民地位公约》,人权法承认了欧洲案例的典型性。尽管该公约将“害怕迫害”的普遍概念附加到给予政治庇护,但它仍然将获得寻求庇护者身份的条件与欧洲的地理和历史联系起来。难民作为受害者的定义
更新日期:2022-02-01
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