The azulejo (tile) styles from the Iberian Peninsula and other regions in the New World are strongly influenced by Muslim aesthetics. Many of the azulejos in Maranhão, Brazil, depict plants and plant parts, but little is known about their species identity. In this paper, we investigated the origin of 94 plants species illustrated on the azulejos in Maranhão based on their phytomorphic elements. Among them, twenty-five were from Asteraceae and eight were from Rosaceae. Most of the pieces are of Portuguese origin and the illustrations on the azulejos show a European lifestyle. For Brazilians, there was certainly no sense of belonging since the illustrations depict characteristics that are different from what is seen locally. Although the phytomorphic illustrations do not reflect local flora, azulejos have become the most characteristic symbol of Maranhão. Our research provides a preliminary data base upon which future works can be based to propose new prints of Maranhão plants and create digital guides that link historical information with botanical identifications.

中文翻译：

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巴西马拉尼昂的 Azulejos 植物群

来自伊比利亚半岛和新大陆其他地区的上釉（瓷砖）风格深受穆斯林美学的影响。巴西马拉尼昂的许多上釉描绘了植物和植物部分，但对其物种身份知之甚少。在本文中，我们根据植物形态学元素调查了马拉尼昂上月花上图解的 94 种植物的起源。其中菊科25株，蔷薇科8株。大多数作品都源自葡萄牙，上光饰上的插图展示了欧洲的生活方式。对于巴西人来说，肯定没有归属感，因为插图描绘的特征与当地所见不同。虽然植物形态的插图没有反映当地的植物群，上釉已成为马拉尼昂最具特色的象征。我们的研究提供了一个初步数据库，未来的工作可以以此为基础提出马拉尼昂植物的新版画，并创建将历史信息与植物鉴定联系起来的数字指南。