This study considers the dynamic trajectory of fronting of the back vowels boot and boat for 27 speakers in a unique, longstanding context of a substantive, triethnic contact situation involving American Indians, European Americans, and African Americans over three disparate generations in Robeson County, North Carolina. The results indicate that the earlier status of Lumbee English fronting united them with the African American vowel system, particularly for the boot vowel, but that more recent generations have shifted toward alignment with European American speakers. Given that the biracial Southeastern United States historically identified Lumbee Indians as “free persons of color” and the persistent skepticism about the Lumbee Indians as merely a mixed group of European Americans and African Americans, the movement away from the African American pattern toward the European American pattern was interpreted as a case of oppositional identity in which Lumbee Indians disassociate themselves from African American vowel norms in subtle but socially meaningful ways.

中文翻译：

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三民族背景下的对立身份和后元音前沿：Lumbee 英语的案例

本研究考虑了 27 位说话者后元音前移的动态轨迹，这是在北罗伯逊县三个不同世代的美洲印第安人、欧洲美国人和非裔美国人的实质性、三种族接触情况的长期背景下。卡罗来纳。结果表明，Lumbee 英语前沿的早期地位将它们与非裔美国人的元音系统结合在一起，特别是对于靴元音，但最近几代人已经转向与欧洲裔美国人保持一致。鉴于美国东南部混血儿在历史上将 Lumbee 印第安人认定为“有色人种的自由人”，并且一直怀疑 Lumbee 印第安人仅仅是欧洲裔美国人和非裔美国人的混合群体，