Abstract Birds-of-paradise represent a textbook example for geographical speciation and sexual selection. Perhaps the most iconic genus is Paradisaea, which is restricted to New Guinea and a few surrounding islands. Although several species concepts have been applied in the past to disentangle the different entities within this genus, no attempt has been made so far to uncover phylogeographical patterns based on a genetic dataset that includes multiple individuals per species. Here, we applied amplicon sequencing for the mitochondrial fragment Cytb for a total of 69 museum specimens representing all seven Paradisaea species described and inferred both phylogenetic relationships and colonization pathways across the island. Our analyses show that the most recent common ancestor of the diverging lineages within Paradisaea probably originated in the Late Miocene in the eastern part of the Central Range and suggest that tectonic processes played a key role in shaping the diversification and distribution of species. All species were recovered as monophyletic, except for those within the apoda–minor–raggiana clade, which comprises the allopatric and parapatric species P. apoda, P. minor and P. raggiana. The comparatively young divergence times, together with possible instances of mitochondrial introgression and incomplete lineage sorting, suggest recent speciation in this clade.

中文翻译：

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对天堂鸟的地理起源和系统地理模式的洞察

摘要 天堂鸟代表了地理物种形成和性选择的教科书示例。也许最具标志性的属是天堂属，仅限于新几内亚和周围的几个岛屿。尽管过去已经应用了几个物种概念来解开该属中的不同实体，但迄今为止还没有尝试根据每个物种包括多个个体的遗传数据集来揭示系统地理模式。在这里，我们对线粒体片段 Cytb 进行了扩增子测序，对总共 69 个博物馆标本进行了测序，这些标本代表了所描述的所有 7 种天堂菌，并推断了整个岛屿的系统发育关系和定殖途径。我们的分析表明，天堂界内不同谱系的最新共同祖先可能起源于中央山脉东部的晚中新世，并表明构造过程在塑造物种多样化和分布方面发挥了关键作用。除了apoda-minor-raggiana 进化枝内的那些物种外，所有物种都被回收为单系物种，其中包括异域和旁域物种 P. apoda、P.minor 和 P. raggiana。相对年轻的分歧时间，以及线粒体基因渗入和不完整谱系分类的可能实例，表明该进化枝最近的物种形成。除了apoda-minor-raggiana 进化枝内的那些物种外，所有物种都被回收为单系物种，其中包括异域和旁域物种 P. apoda、P.minor 和 P. raggiana。相对年轻的分歧时间，以及线粒体基因渗入和不完整谱系分类的可能实例，表明该进化枝最近的物种形成。除了apoda-minor-raggiana 进化枝内的那些物种外，所有物种都被回收为单系物种，其中包括异域和旁域物种 P. apoda、P.minor 和 P. raggiana。相对年轻的分歧时间，以及线粒体基因渗入和不完整谱系分类的可能实例，表明该进化枝最近的物种形成。