GenerationPMTO is a theory- and evidence-based behavioral parenting program widely implemented in the past three decades. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of twenty GenerationPMTO studies on parenting and child adjustment among 3893 families in six countries. Hedges’ g from studies with pretest–posttest-controlled designs were computed and robust variance estimation (RVE) was used to deal with the effect size dependency. Results showed that GenerationPMTO significantly promoted parenting and child adjustment with moderate to high levels of heterogeneity. Specifically, GenerationPMTO improved parental discipline, parenting monitoring, skill encouragement, child externalizing problems, and child internalizing problems. Subgroup analyses revealed several important moderators, including type of comparison group, measurement, informant, risk of bias, etc. Intervention effects were quite robust across countries and multiple demographic characteristics. No publication bias across studies for parenting and child adjustment was detected. The revised Cochrane risk of bias for randomized trials (RoB 2) procedure was used to assess risk of bias within the included studies. Some studies showed a higher level of risk due to problems with the randomization process, missing data, low measurement quality, and reporting bias. Due to lack of data, we did not examine intervention effects on parental mental health or couple relationship quality. Future studies should test mediation models to understand the mechanisms of change and to identify moderators in order to understand the high levels of heterogeneity in GenerationPMTO studies.

GenerationPMTO 是一项在过去三十年广泛实施的以理论和证据为基础的行为育儿计划。该系统回顾和荟萃分析检查了 20 项 GenerationPMTO 研究的有效性，这些研究涉及六个国家的 3893 个家庭的养育和儿童适应。树篱 g计算了前测-后测控制设计研究的结果，并使用稳健方差估计 (RVE) 来处理效应量依赖性。结果表明，GenerationPMTO 显着促进了育儿和儿童适应，具有中等到高度的异质性。具体而言，GenerationPMTO 改善了父母管教、养育监督、技能鼓励、儿童外化问题和儿童内化问题。亚组分析揭示了几个重要的调节因素，包括比较组的类型、测量、信息提供者、偏倚风险等。干预效果在各个国家和多个人口特征中都非常强大。未发现有关育儿和儿童适应研究的发表偏倚。修订后的 Cochrane 随机试验偏倚风险 (RoB 2) 程序用于评估纳入研究的偏倚风险。一些研究表明，由于随机化过程、数据缺失、测量质量低和报告偏倚等问题，风险水平较高。由于缺乏数据，我们没有检查干预对父母心理健康或夫妻关系质量的影响。未来的研究应该测试调解模型以了解变化的机制并确定调节剂以了解 GenerationPMTO 研究中的高度异质性。我们没有检查干预对父母心理健康或夫妻关系质量的影响。未来的研究应该测试调解模型以了解变化的机制并确定调节剂以了解 GenerationPMTO 研究中的高度异质性。我们没有检查干预对父母心理健康或夫妻关系质量的影响。未来的研究应该测试调解模型以了解变化的机制并确定调节剂以了解 GenerationPMTO 研究中的高度异质性。