Abstract The past 30 years of research in intelligence has produced a wealth of knowledge about the causes and consequences of differences in intelligence between individuals, and today mainstream opinion is that individual differences in intelligence are caused by both genetic and environmental influences. Much more contentious is the discussion over the cause of mean intelligence differences between racial or ethnic groups. In contrast to the general consensus that interindividual differences are both genetic and environmental in origin, some claim that mean intelligence differences between racial groups are completely environmental in origin, whereas others postulate a mix of genetic and environmental causes. In this article I discuss 5 lines of research that provide evidence that mean differences in intelligence between racial and ethnic groups are partially genetic. These lines of evidence are findings in support of Spearman’s hypothesis, consistent results from tests of measurement invariance across American racial groups, the mathematical relationship that exists for between-group and within-group sources of heritability, genomic data derived from genome-wide association studies of intelligence and polygenic scores applied to diverse samples, and admixture studies. I also discuss future potential lines of evidence regarding the causes of average group differences across racial groups. However, the data are not fully conclusive, and the exact degree to which genes influence intergroup mean differences in intelligence is not known. This discussion applies only to native English speakers born in the United States and not necessarily to any other human populations.

中文翻译：

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美国智力的组间平均差异 > 0% 是由遗传引起的：五个趋同的证据线

摘要 过去 30 年的智力研究对个体智力差异的原因和后果产生了丰富的知识，今天的主流观点是智力的个体差异是由遗传和环境影响共同造成的。更有争议的是关于种族或民族之间平均智力差异的原因的讨论。与普遍认为个体间差异既源于遗传又源于环境的共识相反，一些人声称种族群体之间的智力差异完全源于环境，而另一些人则假设遗传和环境原因的混合。在这篇文章中，我讨论了 5 个研究方向，这些研究提供的证据表明种族和族裔群体之间的智力差异是部分遗传的。这些证据线是支持斯皮尔曼假设的发现，来自美国种族群体测量不变性测试的一致结果，存在于组间和组内遗传力来源的数学关系，来自全基因组关联研究的基因组数据智力和多基因评分应用于不同样本和混合研究。我还讨论了未来关于种族群体平均群体差异原因的潜在证据。然而，这些数据并不完全是决定性的，基因影响群体间平均智力差异的确切程度尚不清楚。