Humans have introduced species out of their native areas for millennia, and characterising these historical introductions can provide insights into the long-term progress of invasion processes. Here, archival sources and other historical documents are used to describe the motivations, negotiations and actions leading to fish and crayfish introductions into Spain in the second half of the 16th century. King Philip II of Spain brought to the Iberian Peninsula several gardening customs from central Europe, including the construction of fish ponds and their stocking with different aquatic species, many of which were naturally absent from Iberia. These interests led to the introduction of pike (Esox Lucius, Esocidae), common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinidae), tench (Tinca tinca, Cyprinidae) and Italian crayfish (Austropotamobius italicus, Astacidae). Historical documents allowed describing introduction events, their early management and their outcomes with high temporal, spatial and taxonomic precision. These results introduce a centuries-long view on the history of the presence of these introduced species in the Iberian Peninsula, where they have all been successful invaders in different historical periods. This work exemplifies the large potential of archival documents to inform about long-term human–nature relationships, with implications for present-day environmental management (e.g. setting conservation targets). However, this potential has been only sparsely explored, arguably due to the lack of interactions between humanities and natural sciences. Interdisciplinary historical ecology research should be promoted in order to build robust and applicable knowledge on the long-term variability of ecosystems and their biota.

中文翻译：

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国王的水上愿望：16 世纪的鱼和小龙虾引入西班牙

几千年来，人类已经将物种从其原生地区引入，对这些历史引入的特征可以提供对入侵过程长期进展的见解。在这里，档案资料和其他历史文件被用来描述导致鱼类和小龙虾在 16 世纪下半叶进入西班牙的动机、谈判和行动。西班牙国王菲利普二世将中欧的一些园艺习俗带到了伊比利亚半岛，包括建造鱼塘和放养不同的水生物种，其中许多自然是伊比利亚所没有的。这些兴趣导致引入梭子鱼（Esox Lucius，Esocidae）、鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio，Cyprinidae）、丁鱼（Tinca tinca , Cyprinidae) 和意大利小龙虾 ( Austropotamobius italicus, 螨科)。历史文件允许以高时间、空间和分类学精度描述引入事件、早期管理及其结果。这些结果为伊比利亚半岛这些引进物种的存在历史引入了长达数百年的观点，它们在不同的历史时期都是成功的入侵者。这项工作体现了档案文件在告知长期人类与自然关系方面的巨大潜力，对当今的环境管理（例如设定保护目标）具有影响。然而，这种潜力只是很少被探索，可以说是由于人文与自然科学之间缺乏互动。