In this study, we used a combination of high-intensity sampling technologies, and a 3D hydrodynamic model of a medium-sized lake in southern Ontario, Canada to investigate physical–biological relationships at spatial scales from 100 m to 6 km and temporal scales from hours to months. At the scale of the whole study basin, we predicted that stronger winds would lead to higher zooplankton biomass downwind relative to upwind. The hydrodynamic model suggests rapid downwind displacement of progressively deeper surface mixed layers with increasing winds, and we found a statistically higher downwind biomass of small-bodied zooplankton on windy days, but not large zooplankton. At a fine spatial scale (hundreds of meters), we predicted that zooplankton patchiness would decrease with increasing wind mixing of the upper water column and confirmed this for small-bodied but not large-bodied zooplankton. At this fine-scale cross-correlations of zooplankton biomass with water temperature and chlorophyll fluorescence suggested that zooplankton are not simply moved passively by water masses. We also found a clear change in the cross-correlation between large- and small-bodied zooplankton biomass, with out-of-phase spatial distributions during calm periods becoming in-phase with increasing winds. Overall these results indicate that the response of zooplankton to wind-driven physical forces is strongly dependent on an interaction between their body size, which determines their swimming speed and capacity to position themselves vertically in the water column, and the spatial scale and intensity of the wind-generated physical forces. We discuss the implications for food web interactions.

中文翻译：

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风致水动力对湖泊浮游生物分布的多尺度影响

在这项研究中，我们结合使用高强度采样技术和加拿大安大略省南部一个中型湖泊的 3D 水动力模型来研究 100 m 至 6 km 空间尺度和时间尺度数小时至数月。在整个研究流域的规模上，我们预测更强的风会导致顺风相对于逆风更高的浮游动物生物量。水动力模型表明，随着风的增加，逐渐更深的地表混合层会发生快速顺风位移，我们发现在有风的日子里，小型浮游动物的顺风生物量在统计上更高，但大型浮游动物没有。在精细的空间尺度上（数百米），我们预测浮游动物斑块状会随着上部水柱的风混合增加而减少，并证实了小体而不是大体的浮游动物。在这种精细尺度的浮游动物生物量与水温和叶绿素荧光的交叉相关性表明，浮游动物并不是简单地被水团被动移动。我们还发现大型和小型浮游动物生物量之间的互相关发生了明显变化，在平静时期的异相空间分布随着风的增加而变得同相。总的来说，这些结果表明浮游动物对风驱动的物理力的反应很大程度上取决于它们的体型之间的相互作用，这决定了它们的游泳速度和在水柱中垂直定位的能力，以及风产生的物理力的空间尺度和强度。我们讨论了对食物网互动的影响。