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Gender differences in mental distress and affect balance during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
Current Psychology ( IF 2.387 ) Pub Date : 2022-06-04 , DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03282-w
M Pilar Matud 1 , Jesús Zueco 2 , Amelia Díaz 3 , Mª José Del Pino 4 , Demelsa Fortes 5
Affiliation  

The COVID-19 pandemic is a major threat to the health and well-being of people around the world that has impacted freedom of movement, social interaction and the economy. The aim of the present work was twofold: first, to study the presence of mental distress, positive and negative experiences and affect balance in women and men in Spain in two different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, the initial “first state of alarm” phase, characterized by maximum restrictions, and in the “new normal” phase with minimal restrictions, and second, to study the protective role of age, educational level, self-esteem, marital status and social support against mental distress, and as factors that increase the affect balance of women and men in the above mentioned phases of the first wave of the COVID- 19 pandemic in Spain. The study sample consisted of 652 women and 652 men from the general population, aged between 18 and 88 years, who were evaluated through self-reports. Results show greater mental distress in women than men but, strikingly, the magnitude of such differences were greater in the “new normal” phase than in the maximum restriction phase. In addition, in this last phase, women also experienced more negative feelings and less affect balance than men. High self-esteem and social support were also found to be protective factors for mental health, both in women and men, during the two phases of the pandemic studied. In conclusion, our study shows that the COVID-19 pandemic has especially impacted the well-being of women.



中文翻译:

西班牙第一波 COVID-19 大流行期间精神压力和影响平衡的性别差异

COVID-19 大流行对全世界人民的健康和福祉构成重大威胁,影响了行动自由、社会交往和经济。本工作的目的是双重的:首先,研究西班牙在 COVID-19 大流行的两个不同阶段(最初的“第一个警报状态”)中存在的精神困扰、积极和消极经历以及影响平衡的女性和男性”阶段,以最大限制为特征,处于限制最小的“新常态”阶段,其次,研究年龄、教育水平、自尊、婚姻状况和社会支持对精神困扰的保护作用,并作为因素这增加了西班牙 COVID-19 大流行第一波上述阶段中女性和男性的情感平衡。研究样本包括来自普通人群的 652 名女性和 652 名男性,年龄在 18 至 88 岁之间,他们通过自我报告进行评估。结果显示,女性的精神压力比男性更大,但令人惊讶的是,这种差异在“新常态”阶段的幅度大于在最大限制阶段。此外,在最后一个阶段,女性也比男性经历了更多的负面情绪和更少的影响平衡。在所研究的大流行的两个阶段中,高自尊和社会支持也被发现是女性和男性心理健康的保护因素。总之,我们的研究表明,COVID-19 大流行尤其影响了女性的福祉。结果显示,女性的精神压力比男性更大,但令人惊讶的是,这种差异在“新常态”阶段的幅度大于在最大限制阶段。此外,在最后一个阶段,女性也比男性经历了更多的负面情绪和更少的影响平衡。在所研究的大流行的两个阶段中,高自尊和社会支持也被发现是女性和男性心理健康的保护因素。总之,我们的研究表明,COVID-19 大流行尤其影响了女性的福祉。结果显示,女性的精神压力比男性更大,但令人惊讶的是,这种差异在“新常态”阶段的幅度大于在最大限制阶段。此外,在最后一个阶段,女性也比男性经历了更多的负面情绪和更少的影响平衡。在所研究的大流行的两个阶段中,高自尊和社会支持也被发现是女性和男性心理健康的保护因素。总之,我们的研究表明,COVID-19 大流行尤其影响了女性的福祉。在所研究的大流行的两个阶段中,高自尊和社会支持也被发现是女性和男性心理健康的保护因素。总之,我们的研究表明,COVID-19 大流行尤其影响了女性的福祉。在所研究的大流行的两个阶段中,高自尊和社会支持也被发现是女性和男性心理健康的保护因素。总之,我们的研究表明,COVID-19 大流行尤其影响了女性的福祉。

更新日期:2022-06-06
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