Chile is the second largest producer of salmon (only behind Norway), and high amounts of antimicrobials are used during the marine stage, mainly florfenicol. Intensive antimicrobials use is a relevant concern, prompting the urgent need for use reduction and advancements towards more restricted, efficient application. This review describes the historic and current use of antimicrobials in Chilean salmonid farming. Further covered is the experimental evidence reported to date, thus providing a clearer understanding for the pathogenic nature of Piscirickettsia salmonis—the most important bacterial pathogen and the main target of antimicrobials used in the Chilean industry. This review also assesses research exploring the impacts of antimicrobial treatment on the environment, as well as investigations on the antibiotic susceptibility of salmonid pathogens. This review of the scientific literature contributes to a more unbiased appraisal of the current situation in Chile. Unfortunately, various previous reports dealing with/on the antimicrobial use in the Chilean salmon farming industry have been arrived to insufficiently supported conclusions, thus the present review aims to clarify outdated or poorly substantiated information and assumptions in existing literature. The consequences of antimicrobials in fish farming are covered by this review, which is particularly relevant considering potential impacts on aquatic environments. Focus is given to the selection and spread of drug-resistant bacteria and associated resistance-encoding genes. Finally, herein are provided several recommendations from a One Health perspective for decreasing amounts of used antimicrobials, effectively controlling primary bacterial fish pathogens, developing proper prevention strategies and reducing the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance.

中文翻译：

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智利鲑鱼养殖中抗菌剂的使用：事实、迷思和观点

智利是第二大鲑鱼生产国（仅次于挪威），在海产阶段使用了大量的抗菌药物，主要是氟苯尼考。抗生素的密集使用是一个相关问题，促使迫切需要减少使用并朝着更有限、更有效的应用方向发展。本综述描述了智利鲑鱼养殖中抗微生物药物的历史和当前使用情况。进一步涵盖了迄今为止报告的实验证据，从而更清楚地了解Piscirickettsia salmonis的致病性- 最重要的细菌病原体和智利工业使用的抗菌剂的主要目标。本综述还评估了探索抗菌处理对环境影响的研究，以及对鲑鱼病原体抗生素敏感性的调查。对科学文献的回顾有助于更公正地评估智利的现状。不幸的是，之前关于智利鲑鱼养殖业抗菌药物使用的各种报告得出的结论支持不足，因此本综述旨在澄清现有文献中过时或证据不足的信息和假设。本综述涵盖了抗生素对养鱼业的影响，考虑到对水生环境的潜在影响，这一点尤为重要。重点是耐药细菌和相关耐药编码基因的选择和传播。最后，本文从 One Health 的角度提供了几项建议，以减少使用的抗菌药物的数量、有效控制主要的细菌性鱼类病原体、制定适当的预防策略和减少抗菌药物耐药性的传播。