Background

Only few studies have compared environmental pesticide air concentrations with specific urinary metabolites to evaluate pathways of exposure. Therefore, we compared pyrimethanil and chlorpyrifos concentrations in air with urinary 4-hydroxypyrimethanil (OHP, metabolite of pyrimethanil) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy, metabolite of chlorpyrifos) among pregnant women from the Infant’s Environmental Health Study (ISA) in Matina County, Costa Rica.

Methods

During pregnancy, we obtained repeat urinary samples from 448 women enrolled in the ISA study. We extrapolated pyrimethanil and chlorpyrifos concentrations measured with passive air samplers (PAS) (n = 48, from 12 schools), across space and time using a Bayesian spatiotemporal model. We subsequently compared these concentrations with urinary OHP and TCPy in 915 samples from 448 women, using separate mixed models and considering several covariables.

Results

A 10% increase in air pyrimethanil (ng/m³) was associated with a 5.7% (95% confidence interval (CI 4.6, 6.8) increase in OHP (μg/L). Women living further from banana plantations had lower OHP: −0.7% (95% CI −1.2, −0.3) for each 10% increase in distance (meters) as well as women who ate rice and beans ≥15 times a week −23% (95% CI −38, −4). In addition, each 1 ng/m³ increase in chlorpyrifos in air was associated with a 1.5% (95% CI 0.2, 2.8) increase in TCPy (μg/L), and women working in agriculture tended to have increased TCPy (21%, 95% CI −2, 49).

Conclusion

The Bayesian spatiotemporal models were useful to estimate pyrimethanil and chlorpyrifos air concentrations across space and time. Our results suggest inhalation of pyrimethanil and chlorpyrifos is a pathway of environmental exposure. PAS seems a useful technique to monitor environmental current-use pesticide exposures. For future studies, we recommend increasing the number of locations of environmental air measurements, obtaining all air and urine measurements during the same month, and, ideally, including dermal exposure estimates as well.

中文翻译：

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哥斯达黎加婴儿环境健康研究 (ISA) 中嘧霉胺和毒死蜱的空气浓度和孕妇尿液代谢物

背景

只有少数研究将环境空气中农药浓度与特定尿液代谢物进行比较，以评估接触途径。因此，我们根据婴儿环境健康研究，比较了孕妇空气中嘧霉胺和毒死蜱的浓度与尿液中4-羟基嘧霉胺（OHP，嘧霉胺的代谢物）和3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇（TCPy，毒死蜱的代谢物）的浓度。 （ISA）位于哥斯达黎加马蒂纳县。

方法

在怀孕期间，我们从参加 ISA 研究的 448 名女性那里获得了重复的尿液样本。我们使用贝叶斯时空模型跨空间和时间推断了被动空气采样器 (PAS)（n = 48，来自 12 所学校）测量的嘧霉胺和毒死蜱浓度。随后，我们使用单独的混合模型并考虑了几个协变量 ，将这些浓度与 448 名女性的 915 个样本中的尿液 OHP 和 TCPy进行了比较。   

结果

^{空气中嘧霉胺 (ng/m 3} )增加 10%与 OHP (μg/L) 增加 5.7%（95% 置信区间 (CI 4.6, 6.8)）相关。居住在距离香蕉种植园较远的妇女的 OHP 较低： -距离（米）每增加 10%，增加 0.7%（95% CI -1.2，-0.3）；每周吃米饭和豆类≥15 次的女性 -23%（95% CI -38，-4）。此外，空气中毒死蜱每增加 1 ng/m 3 ，TCPy (μg/L) 就会增加 1.5% (95% CI 0.2, 2.8)，从事农业的女性往往会增加 TCPy (21 ^% , 95% CI -2, 49)。

结论

贝叶斯时空模型可用于估计嘧霉胺和毒死蜱在空间和时间上的空气浓度。我们的结果表明吸入嘧霉胺和毒死蜱是环境暴露的一种途径。PAS 似乎是监测环境中当前使用的农药暴露的有用技术。对于未来的研究，我们建议增加环境空气测量位置的数量，获得同一个月内的所有空气和尿液测量结果，并且最好还包括皮肤暴露估计值。