Abstract. Excessive anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs to the biosphere have disrupted the global nitrogen cycle. To better quantify the spatial and temporal patterns of anthropogenic N enrichments, assess their impacts on the biogeochemical cycles of the planet and other living organisms, and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for sustainable development, we have developed a comprehensive and synthetic dataset for reconstructing the History of anthropogenic N inputs (HaNi) to the terrestrial biosphere. The HaNi dataset takes advantage of different data sources in a spatiotemporally consistent way to generate a set of high-resolution gridded N input products from the preindustrial to present (1860–2019). The HaNi dataset includes annual rates of synthetic N fertilizer, manure application/deposition, and atmospheric N deposition in cropland, pasture, and rangeland at a spatial resolution of 5-arcmin. Specifically, the N inputs are categorized, according to the N forms and land uses, as ten types: 1) NH₄⁺-N fertilizer applied to cropland, 2) NO₃-N fertilizer applied to cropland, 3) NH₄⁺-N fertilizer applied to pasture, 4) NO₃-N fertilizer applied to pasture, 5) manure N application on cropland, 6) manure N application on pasture, 7) manure N deposition on pasture, 8) manure N deposition on rangeland, 9) NH_x-N deposition, and 10) NO_y-N deposition. The total anthropogenic N (TN) inputs to global terrestrial ecosystems increased from 29.05 Tg N yr^-1 in the 1860s to 267.23 Tg N yr^-1 in the 2010s, with the dominant N source changing from atmospheric N deposition (before the 1900s) to manure N (the 1910s–2000s), and to synthetic fertilizer in the 2010s. The proportion of synthetic NH₄⁺-N fertilizer increased from 64 % in the 1960s to 90 % in the 2010s, while synthetic NO₃-N fertilizer decreased from 36 % in the 1960s to 10 % in the 2010s. Hotspots of TN inputs shifted from Europe and North America to East and South Asia during the 1960s-2010s. Such spatial and temporal dynamics captured by the HaNi dataset are expected to facilitate a comprehensive assessment of the coupled human-earth system and address a variety of social welfare issues, such as climate-biosphere feedback, air pollution, water quality, and biodiversity.

中文翻译：

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陆地生物圈的人为氮输入 (HaNi) 历史：1860 年至 2019 年 5 角分分辨率的年度数据集

摘要。对生物圈的过量人为氮 (N) 输入破坏了全球氮循环。为了更好地量化人为 N 富集的空间和时间模式，评估它们对地球和其他生物体的生物地球化学循环的影响，并提高氮利用效率 (NUE) 以促进可持续发展，我们开发了一个综合综合数据集，用于重建陆地生物圈的人为氮输入（HaNi）的历史。HaNi 数据集以时空一致的方式利用不同的数据源来生成一组从前工业时代到现在（1860-2019 年）的高分辨率网格化 N 输入产品。HaNi 数据集包括合成氮肥、肥料施用/沉积以及农田、牧场、和牧场，空间分辨率为 5-arcmin。具体来说，根据 N 种形式和土地用途，将 N 个投入分为十种类型：1) NH₄ ⁺ -N 施用于农田，2) NO ₃ -N 施用于农田，3) NH ₄ ⁺ -N 施用于牧场，4) NO ₃ -N 施用于牧场，5) 粪肥施用于农田, 6) 在牧场上施肥，7) 在牧场上施肥，8) 在牧场上施肥，9) NH _x -N 沉积，和 10) NO _y -N 沉积。全球陆地生态系统的人为 N (TN) 输入总量从 1860 年代的 29.05 Tg N yr ^-1增加到 267.23 Tg N yr ^-1在 2010 年代，主要的 N 源从大气 N 沉降（1900 年代之前）变为肥料 N（1910 年代至 2000 年代），并在 2010 年代变为合成肥料。合成NH ₄ ⁺ -N肥料的比例从1960年代的64%上升到2010年代的90%，而合成NO ₃ -N肥料的比例从1960年代的36%下降到2010年代的10%。在 1960 年代至 2010 年代，TN 输入的热点从欧洲和北美转移到东亚和南亚。HaNi 数据集捕获的这种时空动态预计将有助于对耦合的人地系统进行全面评估，并解决各种社会福利问题，例如气候-生物圈反馈、空气污染、水质和生物多样性。