Large igneous provinces (LIPs) represent some of the greatest volcanic events in Earth history with significant impacts on ecosystems, including mass extinctions. However, some fundamental questions related to the eruption rate, eruption style, and vent locations for LIP lava flows remain unanswered. In this review, we use the Cretaceous–Paleogene Deccan Traps as an archetype to address these questions because they are one of the best-preserved large continental flood basalt provinces. We describe the volcanological features of the Deccan flows and the potential temporal and regional variations as well as the spatial characteristics of potential feeder dikes. Along with estimates of mean long-term eruption rates for individual Deccan lavas from paleomagnetism and Hg proxy records of ∼50–250 km3/year (erupting for tens to hundreds of years), the Deccan volcanic characteristics suggest a unified conceptual model for eruption of voluminous (>1,000 km3) LIP lavas with large spatial extent (>40,000 km2). We conclude by highlighting a few key open questions and challenges that can help improve our understanding of how the Deccan flows, as well as LIP flows in general, erupted and the mechanisms by which the lavas may have flowed over distances up to 1,000 km. ▪ The Deccan Traps are an archetype for addressing fundamental volcanological questions related to eruption rate, eruption style, and vent locations for large igneous province lava flows. ▪ Deccan subprovinces likely evolved as separate volcanic systems; thus, long-distance/interprovince flow correlations must be carefully assessed. ▪ The earliest eruptions came through the Narmada-Tapi rift zone followed by the establishment of a separate magmatic plumbing system by mantle plume–associated magmas. ▪ Typical Deccan eruption rates were ∼50–250 km3/year of lava. Individual eruptions lasted for a few hundred to 1,000 years and were separated by hiatuses of 3,000–6,000 years. ▪ The conspicuous absence of dikes in the Central Deccan region strongly implies long-distance surface transport of lavas in the form of flows hundreds of kilometers long.

中文翻译：

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理解德干火山活动

大型火成岩省（LIP）代表了地球历史上一些最严重的火山事件，对生态系统产生了重大影响，包括大规模灭绝。然而，与 LIP 熔岩流的喷发速率、喷发类型和喷口位置相关的一些基本问题仍未得到解答。在这篇综述中，我们使用白垩纪-古近纪德干地盾作为原型来解决这些问题，因为它们是保存最完好的大型大陆溢流玄武岩省之一。我们描述了德干流的火山学特征以及潜在的时间和区域变化以及潜在的支流堤的空间特征。以及根据约 50-250 公里的古地磁和汞代理记录对单个德干熔岩的平均长期喷发率的估计3/年（喷发数十至数百年），德干火山特征提出了一个统一的火山喷发概念模型（> 1,000 km）3) 空间范围较大的 LIP 熔岩 (>40,000 km2）。最后，我们强调了一些关键的悬而未决的问题和挑战，这些问题和挑战有助于加深我们对德干河流动以及一般 LIP 流动如何喷发以及熔岩可能流动长达 1,000 公里的机制的理解。 ▪ 德干地盾是解决与大型火成省熔岩流的喷发率、喷发类型和喷口位置相关的基本火山学问题的原型。 ▪ 德干省可能演化为独立的火山系统；因此，必须仔细评估长途/省际流量相关性。 ▪ 最早的火山喷发来自讷尔默达-塔皮裂谷带，随后由与地幔柱相关的岩浆建立了独立的岩浆管道系统。 ▪ 典型的德干火山喷发速度约为 ∼50–250 公里3/熔岩年。单次喷发持续数百至 1,000 年，中间间隔 3,000 至 6,000 年。 ▪ 德干中部地区明显缺乏堤坝，这强烈暗示熔岩以数百公里长的流动形式进行长距离地表输送。