The cornea is a specialized, transparent, avascular, immune-privileged, and heavily innervated tissue that affords 2/3rd of refraction to the eye. Ocular injuries, infections, and genetic factors affect corneal function and cause vision impairment. Presently, a variety of laser/non-laser surgeries, immunosuppressants, and/or corneal transplants are predominantly used to revive sight in human patients. The development of novel, precision-guided, and tissue-targeted non-surgical therapies promoting corneal repair and regeneration based on mechanistic understanding is of paramount importance to reduce the impact of global blindness. Research over the past decade revealed that modulation of pathological signaling pathways and factors by a variety of therapeutic delivery methods effectively treats corneal disorders including corneal scar/haze, inflammation, and angiogenesis in various pre-clinical animal models and are primed for human translation. This review discusses recent advances in the areas of corneal repair, restoration, and regeneration. Herein, we provide an overview of evolving approaches and therapeutic modalities that have shown great promise in reviving corneal transparency and function through the use of small drug molecules, gene therapy, nanomedicine, stem cells, trophic factors, exosomes, stromal equivalents, bioengineered stromal scaffolds, tissue adhesives, and 3D bioprinting.

角膜是一种特殊的、透明的、无血管的、免疫特权的和大量神经支配的组织，为眼睛提供 2/3 的折射。眼外伤、感染和遗传因素会影响角膜功能并导致视力障碍。目前，主要使用各种激光/非激光手术、免疫抑制剂和/或角膜移植来恢复人类患者的视力。基于机械理解的促进角膜修复和再生的新型、精确引导和组织靶向非手术疗法的发展对于减少全球失明的影响至关重要。过去十年的研究表明，通过多种治疗递送方法调节病理信号通路和因子可有效治疗角膜疾病，包括角膜瘢痕/混浊，各种临床前动物模型中的炎症和血管生成，并为人类翻译做好了准备。这篇综述讨论了角膜修复、修复和再生领域的最新进展。在此，我们概述了不断发展的方法和治疗方式，这些方法和治疗方式在通过使用小药物分子、基因疗法、纳米医学、干细胞、营养因子、外泌体、基质等效物、生物工程基质支架恢复角膜透明度和功能方面显示出巨大希望、组织粘合剂和 3D 生物打印。