Coral reefs and their ecosystems are threatened by both global stressors, including increasing sea-surface temperatures and ocean acidification (OA), and local stressors such as land-based sources of pollution that can magnify the effects of OA. Corals can physiologically control the chemistry of their internal calcifying fluids (CF) and can thereby regulate their calcification process. Specifically, increasing aragonite saturation state in the CF (Ω_CF) may allow corals to calcify even under external low saturation conditions. Questions remain regarding the physiological processes that govern the CF chemistry and how they change in response to multiple stressors. To address this knowledge gap, the boron systematics (δ¹¹B and B/Ca) were analyzed in tropical corals, Porites lobata, collected at submarine groundwater seeps impacted by the release of treated wastewater in west Maui, Hawai'i, to document the interactions between high nutrient / low pH seep water on CF carbonate chemistry. Results show substantial up-regulation of pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) with respect to seawater in P. lobata corals collected from within the wastewater impacted area at Kahekili Beach Park compared to the control site at Olowalu Beach. The Ω_CF was 9 to 10 times higher than ambient seawater Ω, and 13 to 26% higher than in corals from the control site and from previously observed in tropical Porites spp. corals. Such elevated up-regulation suggests that corals exposed to nutrient-enriched, low pH effluent sustain CF supersaturated with respect to aragonite, possibly as an internal coping mechanism to combat multiple stressors from land-based sources of pollution. This elevated up-regulation has implications to coral vulnerability to future climate- and ocean-change scenarios.

珊瑚礁及其生态系统受到全球压力源的威胁，包括海面温度升高和海洋酸化 (OA)，以及可以放大 OA 影响的陆源污染源等局部压力源。珊瑚可以在生理上控制其内部钙化液 (CF) 的化学性质，从而调节其钙化过程。_{具体来说，即使在外部低饱和度条件下，增加 CF (Ω CF} )中的文石饱和状态也可能使珊瑚钙化。关于控制CF化学的生理过程以及它们如何响应多种压力源而变化的问题仍然存在。为了解决这一知识差距，硼系统学（δ ¹¹ B和 B/Ca) 对热带珊瑚Porites lobata进行了分析，这些珊瑚收集在受夏威夷西部毛伊岛处理过的废水释放影响的海底地下水渗漏处，以记录高营养/低 pH 渗漏水对 CF 碳酸盐化学的相互作用. 结果显示，与 Olowalu 海滩的对照地点相比，从 Kahekili 海滩公园的废水影响区域内收集的P. lobata珊瑚中的海水的 pH 值和溶解的无机碳 (DIC) 显着上调。Ω _CF比环境海水 Ω 高 9 到 10 倍，比对照地点的珊瑚和之前在热带孔雀中观察到的珊瑚高 13% 到 26%spp. 珊瑚。这种升高的上调表明，珊瑚暴露在营养丰富、低 pH 值的污水中，相对于文石而言，维持 CF 过饱和，这可能是一种内部应对机制，可以对抗来自陆地污染源的多种压力源。这种加强的上调对珊瑚对未来气候和海洋变化情景的脆弱性产生了影响。